Journal Alert - PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

> Title:
> Motivation and Self-Regulation in Addiction: A Call for Convergence
>
> Authors:
> Kopetz, CE; Lejuez, CW; Wiers, RW; Kruglanski, AW
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):3-24; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Addiction models have frequently invoked motivational mechanisms to
> explain the initiation and maintenance of addictive behaviors. However,
> in doing so, these models have emphasized the unique characteristics of
> addictive behaviors and overlooked the commonalities that they share
> with motivated behaviors in general. As a consequence, addiction
> research has failed to connect with and take advantage of promising and
> highly relevant advances in motivation and self-regulation research. The
> present article is a call for a convergence of the previous approaches
> to addictive behavior and the new advances in basic motivation and
> self-regulation. The authors emphasize the commonalities that addictive
> behaviors may share with motivated behavior in general. In addition, it
> is suggested that the same psychological principles underlying motivated
> action in general may apply to understand challenging aspects of the
> etiology and maintenance of addictive behaviors.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 25-40 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400002
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>
> Title:
> How to Make a Young Child Smarter: Evidence From the Database of Raising Intelligence
>
> Authors:
> Protzko, J; Aronson, J; Blair, C
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):25-40; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Can interventions meaningfully increase intelligence? If so, how? The
> Database of Raising Intelligence is a continuously updated compendium of
> randomized controlled trials that were designed to increase
> intelligence. In this article, the authors examine nearly every
> available intervention involving children from birth to kindergarten,
> using meta-analytic procedures when more than 3 studies tested similar
> methods and reviewing interventions when too few were available for
> meta-analysis. This yielded 4 meta-analyses on the effects of dietary
> supplementation to pregnant mothers and neonates, early educational
> interventions, interactive reading, and sending a child to preschool.
> All 4 meta-analyses yielded significant results: Supplementing infants
> with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, enrolling children in early
> educational interventions, reading to children in an interactive manner,
> and sending children to preschool all raise the intelligence of young
> children.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 41-43 (Editorial Material)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400003
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>
> Title:
> Introduction to the Special Section: 20 Years of fMRI-What Has It Done for Understanding Cognition?
>
> Authors:
> Mather, M; Cacioppo, JT; Kanwisher, N
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):41-43; JAN 2013
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 44-48 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400004
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>
> Title:
> Dynamic Functional Organization of Language: Insights From Functional Neuroimaging
>
> Authors:
> Blumstein, SE; Amso, D
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):44-48; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> One of the oldest questions in cognitive science is whether cognitive
> operations are modular or distributed across domains. We propose that
> fMRI has made a unique contribution to this question by elucidating the
> nature of structure-function relations. We focus our discussion on
> language, which is the classic domain for arguments in favor of domain
> specificity and a fixed neural architecture. We argue that fMRI has
> provided evidence for the idea that there is a dynamic functional
> architecture, rather than a fixed neural architecture, that emerges
> across the lifespan, pursuant to injury and in response to language
> experience. We use empirical examples to highlight how fMRI has helped
> restructure theory by shedding light on how functionally distinct
> modular components of the grammar can recruit some of the same neural
> regions, how areas considered to be domain-specific may be recruited in
> a domain-general fashion, and how language network specialization and
> left lateralization dynamically emerge in response to experience. fMRI
> provides a window into neural plasticity and dynamic functional
> organization not easily afforded by behavior alone.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 49-55 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400005
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>
> Title:
> Memory Systems, Processing Modes, and Components: Functional Neuroimaging Evidence
>
> Authors:
> Cabeza, R; Moscovitch, M
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):49-55; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> In the 1980s and 1990s, there was a major theoretical debate in the
> memory domain regarding the multiple memory systems and processing modes
> frameworks. The components of processing framework argued for a middle
> ground: Instead of neatly divided memory systems or processing modes,
> this framework proposed the existence of numerous processing components
> that are recruited in different combinations by memory tasks and yield
> complex patterns of associations and dissociations. Because behavioral
> evidence was not sufficient to decide among these three frameworks, the
> debate was largely abandoned. However, functional neuroimaging evidence
> accumulated during the last two decades resolves the stalemate, because
> this evidence is more consistent with the components framework than with
> the other two frameworks. For example, functional neuroimaging evidence
> shows that brain regions attributed to one memory system can contribute
> to tasks associated with other memory systems and that brain regions
> attributed to the same processing mode (perceptual or conceptual) can be
> dissociated from each other. Functional neuroimaging evidence suggests
> that memory processes are supported by transient interactions between a
> few regions called process-specific alliances. These conceptual
> developments are an example of how functional neuroimaging can
> contribute to theoretical debates in cognitive psychology.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 56-61 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400006
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>
> Title:
> Modularity and the Cultural Mind: Contributions of Cultural Neuroscience to Cognitive Theory
>
> Authors:
> Chiao, JY; Immordino-Yang, MH
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):56-61; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> A central question in the study of the mind is how cognitive functions
> are shaped by a complex interplay of genetic and experiential processes.
> Recent evidence from cultural neuroscience indicates that cultural
> values, practices, and beliefs influence brain function across a variety
> of cognitive processes from vision to social cognition. This evidence
> extends to low-level perceptual systems comprised of domain-specific
> mechanisms, suggesting the importance of ecological and cultural
> variation in the evolutionary and developmental processes that give rise
> to the human mind and brain. In this article, we argue that
> investigating the architecture of the human mind will require
> understanding how the human mind and brain shape and are shaped by
> culture-gene coevolutionary processes.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 62-67 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400007
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>
> Title:
> The Dynamic Aging Mind: Revelations From Functional Neuroimaging Research
>
> Authors:
> Park, DC; McDonough, IM
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):62-67; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The conception of the aging mind that emerged from behavioral and
> structural imaging studies portrayed the mind as a victim of passive
> deterioration and decline with age, with a few domains of preserved
> function. The advent of functional neuroimaging has demonstrated that
> the aging brain is an adaptive and plastic structure that responds
> dynamically to cognitive challenge and structural deterioration-thus,
> fundamentally changing views of cognitive aging. In addition, a neural
> theory of the aging mind based on behavioral data-the dedifferentiation
> view of cognitive aging-was largely confirmed when neuroimaging
> technology became available to test it. We argue that functional
> neuroimaging has advanced cognitive aging theories by creating a
> stronger emphasis on compensatory mechanisms related to brain plasticity
> and potential reorganization as evidenced by the resurgence of interest
> and research in cognitive training research designed to improve
> cognition through enhancement of neural structures or reorganization of
> functional circuitry.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 68-71 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400008
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>
> Title:
> Aging and Cognitive Neuroimaging: A Fertile Union
>
> Authors:
> Reuter-Lorenz, PA
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):68-71; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> What mechanisms underlie declines in memory and other cognitive
> abilities as we age? Before functional neuroimaging, answers to this
> question relied primarily on behavioral measures despite aging's obvious
> roots in biology. Functional imaging now permits a glimpse of the
> biological underpinnings of cognition, and recent discoveries offer new
> insights into how brain function differs in older age. Focusing
> primarily on studies of working memory, I discuss how neuroimaging
> provides converging evidence to support and clarify mechanistic accounts
> of cognitive aging, and how imaging can guide the development of
> cognitive interventions. These methods promise to adjudicate between
> hypothesized mechanisms of age differences, and they are generating new,
> testable hypotheses to elucidate cognitive decline, cognitive stability,
> and plasticity in older age.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 72-78 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400009
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>
> Title:
> Measuring Memory Reactivation With Functional MRI: Implications for Psychological Theory
>
> Authors:
> Levy, BJ; Wagner, AD
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):72-78; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Environmental cues often remind us of earlier experiences by triggering
> the reactivation of memories of events past. Recent evidence suggests
> that memory reactivation can be observed using functional MRI and that
> distributed pattern analyses can even provide evidence of reactivation
> on individual trials. The ability to measure memory reactivation offers
> unique and powerful leverage on theoretical issues of long-standing
> interest in cognitive psychology, providing a means to address questions
> that have proven difficult to answer with behavioral data alone. In this
> article, we consider three instances. First, reactivation measures can
> indicate whether memory-based inferences (i.e., generalization) arise
> through the encoding of integrated cross-event representations or
> through the flexible expression of separable event memories. Second,
> online measures of memory reactivation may inform theories of forgetting
> by providing information about when competing memories are reactivated
> during competitive retrieval situations. Finally, neural reactivation
> may provide a window onto the role of replay in memory consolidation.
> The ability to track memory reactivation, including at the individual
> trial level, provides unique leverage that is not afforded by behavioral
> measures and thus promises to shed light on such varied topics as
> generalization, integration, forgetting, and consolidation.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 79-83 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400010
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>
> Title:
> Using fMRI to Constrain Theories of Cognition
>
> Authors:
> White, CN; Poldrack, RA
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):79-83; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Research on cognition often leads to debates that are centered on how
> many processes exist and how they interact to guide behavior. These
> debates occur across a range of domains and are often difficult to
> resolve with behavioral data because similar behavioral predictions can
> be made by models with different core assumptions. Such model mimicry
> limits researchers' ability to find differential support for one type of
> model over the other using behavioral data alone. We argue that
> functional neuroimaging can help overcome this problem by providing
> additional dependent measures to constrain model testing. Recent
> advances in analysis, like multivariate approaches, expand the amount
> and type of data available for model testing. We illustrate the benefits
> of this approach by highlighting imaging results that directly speak to
> the debate over the nature of recollection processes in memory. These
> results show how functional neuroimaging can advance studies of
> cognition by providing richer data sets for contrasting cognitive
> models.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 84-87 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400011
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>
> Title:
> Moving Forward With fMRI Data
>
> Authors:
> Rugg, MD; Thompson-Schill, SL
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):84-87; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The use of fMRI to inform cognitive theory depends upon the assumption
> that there is an isomorphic relationship between functional states and
> brain states. Even if this assumption is accepted, employing fMRI to
> make cognitive inferences is not straightforward. We discuss these
> inferential difficulties and describe an example in which fMRI data has
> had a significant impact on a cognitive theory despite them. The
> embodied cognition framework states that accessing a conceptual feature
> engages the same processes that are active when the feature is directly
> experienced. fMRI studies have consistently found that accessing a
> feature activates cortical regions slightly anterior to the regions
> activated when the feature is experienced. We suggest that this neural
> dissociation between accessing and perceiving a feature is inconsistent
> with the strong form of embodied cognition theory and that this
> inconsistency would likely not have been identified without fMRI. We
> describe how the observation of this forward shift has led to new ways
> of thinking about perceptual and conceptual representations and the
> relation between them. Finally, we argue that despite the strong
> assumptions that are needed to make functional inferences from fMRI,
> this does not detract from its value as a source of convergent evidence.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 88-90 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400012
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>
> Title:
> The Seductive Allure of "Seductive Allure"
>
> Authors:
> Farah, MJ; Hook, CJ
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):88-90; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The idea of fMRI's "seductive allure" is supported by two widely cited
> studies. Upon closer analysis of these studies, and in light of more
> recent research, we find little empirical support for the claim that
> brain images are inordinately influential.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 91-97 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400013
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>
> Title:
> How Is Pain Influenced by Cognition? Neuroimaging Weighs In
>
> Authors:
> Wager, TD; Atlas, LY
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):91-97; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Neuroimaging can inform cognitive theories to the extent that particular
> patterns of brain activity are sensitively and specifically associated
> with particular types of cognitive processes. We illustrate the utility
> of neuroimaging data in one specific case: understanding cognitive
> influences on pain. We first argue that pain self-reports are often
> inadequate to fully characterize pain experience and the processes that
> underlie it. Then, we describe how neuroimaging measures have been used
> to corroborate the effects of psychological manipulations on pain by
> focusing on placebo treatments and demonstrating effects on the best
> available correlates of pain experience. In addition, using placebo
> analgesia as an example, we argue that brain evidence is useful for
> building psychological theories likely to yield valid and generalizable
> predictions, because biologically informed theories are grounded in the
> constraints inherent in the relevant physiological systems. Finally, we
> suggest that neuroimaging findings will become increasingly useful for
> constraining psychological inference as brain patterns diagnostic of
> particular types of mental events are identified and characterized. In
> our view, the relationships between biological findings and cognitive
> theory are empirically based and must develop through an iterative
> process of synthesis across studies, topics, and methods.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 98-103 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400014
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>
> Title:
> How Can Functional Neuroimaging Inform Cognitive Theories?
>
> Authors:
> Coltheart, M
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):98-103; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Work on functional neuroimaging of cognition falls into two categories.
> The first aims at localizing specific cognitive subsystems in specific
> brain regions. In this research, the cognitive subsystems in question
> need to be defined independently of the neuroimaging data because the
> interpretation of the data requires such definition; so functional
> neuroimaging is informed by cognitive theories rather than informing
> them. The second category uses neuroimaging data to test cognitive
> theories. As cognitive theories are expressed in cognitive terms, such
> theories have to be embellished by explicit proposals about
> relationships between cognition and the brain if they are to become
> capable of generating predictions about the results of experiments that
> use functional neuroimaging. Whether functional neuroimaging can succeed
> in informing a cognitive theory depends critically upon the plausibility
> of such supplementary proposals. It is also critical to avoid the
> "consistency fallacy." When neuroimaging data from an experiment are
> consistent with predictions from a particular cognitive theory, this
> cannot be offered as evidence in support of that theory unless it can be
> shown that there were possible other outcomes of the experiment that are
> inconsistent with the theory-outcomes that would have falsified
> predictions from the theory had they been obtained.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 104-107 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400015
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>
> Title:
> On the Relationship Between fMRI and Theories of Cognition: The Arrow Points in Both Directions
>
> Authors:
> Wixted, JT; Mickes, L
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):104-107; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> In this article, we ask about the contribution of fMRI data to our
> understanding of theories of cognition and about the contribution of
> theories of cognition to our understanding of fMRI data. Experiments
> using fMRI can contribute to our understanding of cognition when they
> are designed to test the predictions of a particular cognitive theory.
> Although not all cognitive theories make clear predictions about
> patterns of activity in the brain fMRI experiments are often well suited
> to testing the predictions of those that do. However, many fMRI studies
> that are concerned with cognitive functional neuroanatomy are not
> designed to test predictions of cognitive theories but are instead
> designed to investigate the role played by different regions of the
> brain in cognitive activity. These fMRI studies do not shed light on
> cognitive theories but instead depend on cognitive theories to interpret
> the data-an interpretation that is only as valid as the cognitive theory
> on which it is based. These considerations suggest that the relationship
> between fMRI and theories of cognition is a two-way street.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 108-113 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313817400016
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>
> Title:
> How fMRI Can Inform Cognitive Theories
>
> Authors:
> Mather, M; Cacioppo, JT; Kanwisher, N
>
> Source:
> *PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE*, 8 (1):108-113; JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> How can functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) advance cognitive
> theory? Some have argued that fMRI can do little beyond localizing brain
> regions that carry out certain cognitive functions (and may not even be
> able to do that). However, in this article, we argue that fMRI can
> inform theories of cognition by helping to answer at least four distinct
> kinds of questions. Which mental functions are performed in brain
> regions specialized for just that function (and which are performed in
> more general-purpose brain machinery)? When fMRI markers of a particular
> Mental Process X are found, is Mental Process X engaged when people
> perform Task Y? How distinct are the representations of different
> stimulus classes? Do specific pairs of tasks engage common or distinct
> processing mechanisms? Thus, fMRI data can be used to address
> theoretical debates that have nothing to do with where in the brain a
> particular process is carried out.
>
>