The End of Theory: The Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete
http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/magazine/16-07/pb_theory
Sent via Flipboard
Intelligent Insights on Intelligence Theories and Tests
Sunday, March 31, 2013
Article: The End of Theory: The Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete
The End of Theory: The Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete
http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/magazine/16-07/pb_theory
Sent via Flipboard
Saturday, March 30, 2013
Google Scholar Alert
Scholar Alert: New citations to my articles
Theory and Research:: The Nexus of Clinical Inference
J Claeys - Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 2013Abstract The practice of individual assessment has been moving toward the empirically
derived Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) theory of intellectual ability, which offers a hierarchical
taxonomy of cognitive abilities. Current assessment tools provide varying adherence to ...
Friday, March 29, 2013
You might like The MindHub on Flipboard
Check out The MindHub by Kevin McGrew http://flip.it/TMcLM
The MindHub Flipboard Magazine. All you need is the free Flipboard app (iPad, iPhone, Android phones, Nook and Kindle - http://flipboard.com/) and you can stay up-to-date on Web content curated by the MindHub. You can also suck other content into this one stop app for all your news and content (USA Today; news headlines; magazines; FB; LinkedIN; Endgaget; etc.). I use it to browse everything I am interested in every day, from around the world, as I drink my AM Java. I love this FREE app.*****************************************Kevin McGrew, Phd.Educational PsychologistInstitute for Applied PsychometricsDirector IAP*****************************************
Article: Neuropsychologia - Early gamma oscillations during rapid auditory processing in children with a language-learning impairment: Changes in neural mass activity after training
Neuropsychologia - Early gamma oscillations during rapid auditory processing in children with a language-learning impairment: Changes in neural mass activity after training
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028393213000171
Article: GEN | Insight & Intelligence™: Is Brain Mapping Ready for Big Science?
GEN | Insight & Intelligence™: Is Brain Mapping Ready for Big Science?
http://www.genengnews.com/insight-and-intelligence/is-brain-mapping-ready-for-big-science/77899786/
Thursday, March 28, 2013
Article: New Research on the Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury
New Research on the Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury
http://neurosciencenews.com/traumatic-brain-injury-effects-treatment-outcomes-tbi/
Sent via Flipboard
Journal Alert - PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS
Title:
> Analyzing Repeated Measures Data on Individuals Nested Within Groups: Accounting for Dynamic Group Effects
>
> Authors:
> Bauer, DJ; Gottfredson, NC; Dean, D; Zucker, RA
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):1-14; MAR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Researchers commonly collect repeated measures on individuals nested
> within groups such as students within schools, patients within treatment
> groups, or siblings within families. Often, it is most appropriate to
> conceptualize such groups as dynamic entities, potentially undergoing
> stochastic structural and/or functional changes over time. For instance,
> as a student progresses through school, more senior students matriculate
> while more junior students enroll, administrators and teachers may turn
> over, and curricular changes may be introduced. What it means to be a
> student within that school may thus differ from 1 year to the next. This
> article demonstrates how to use multilevel linear models to recover
> time-varying group effects when analyzing repeated measures data on
> individuals nested within groups that evolve over time. Two examples are
> provided. The 1st example examines school effects on the science
> achievement trajectories of students, allowing for changes in school
> effects over time. The 2nd example concerns dynamic family effects on
> individual trajectories of externalizing behavior and depression.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 15-35 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315762500002
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Information Utility: Quantifying the Total Psychometric Information Provided by a Measure
>
> Authors:
> Markon, KE
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):15-35; MAR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Although advances have improved our ability to describe the measurement
> precision of a test, it often remains challenging to summarize how well
> a test is performing overall. Reliability, for example, provides an
> overall summary of measurement precision, but it is sample-specific and
> might not reflect the potential usefulness of a test if the sample is
> poorly suited for the test's purposes. The test information function,
> conversely, provides detailed sample-independent information about
> measurement precision, but it does not provide an overall summary of
> test performance. Here, the concept of information utility is
> introduced. Information utility provides an index of how much
> psychometric information a measure (e.g., item, test) provides about a
> trait overall. Information utility has a number of important applied
> implications, including test selection, trait estimation, computerized
> adaptive testing, and hypothesis testing. Information utility may have
> particular utility in situations where the accuracy of prior information
> about trait level is vague or unclear.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 36-52 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315762500003
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> How IRT Can Solve Problems of Ipsative Data in Forced-Choice Questionnaires
>
> Authors:
> Brown, A; Maydeu-Olivares, A
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):36-52; MAR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> In. multidimensional forced-choice (MFC) questionnaires, items measuring
> different attributes are presented in blocks, and participants have to
> rank order the items within each block (fully or partially). Such
> comparative formats can reduce the impact of numerous response biases
> often affecting single-stimulus items (aka rating or Likert scales).
> However, if scored with traditional methodology, MFC instruments produce
> ipsative data, whereby all individuals have a common total test score.
> Ipsative scoring distorts individual profiles (it is impossible to
> achieve all high or all low scale scores), construct validity
> (covariances between scales must sum to zero), criterion-related
> validity (validity coefficients must sum to zero), and reliability
> estimates. We argue that these problems are caused by inadequate scoring
> of forced-choice items and advocate the use of item response theory
> (IRT) models based on an appropriate response process for comparative
> data, such as Thurstone's law of comparative judgment. We show that when
> Thurstonian IRT modeling is applied (Brown & Maydeu-Olivares, 2011),
> even existing forced-choice questionnaires with challenging features can
> be scored adequately and that the IRT-estimated scores are free from the
> problems of ipsative data.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 53-70 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315762500004
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Examination of the Equivalence of Self-Report Survey-Based Paper-and-Pencil and Internet Data Collection Methods
>
> Authors:
> Weigold, A; Weigold, IK; Russell, EJ
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):53-70; MAR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Self-report survey-based data collection is increasingly carried out
> using the Internet, as opposed to the traditional paper-and-pencil
> method. However, previous research on the equivalence of these methods
> has yielded inconsistent findings. This may be due to methodological and
> statistical issues present in much of the literature, such as
> nonequivalent samples in different conditions due to recruitment,
> participant self-selection to conditions, and data collection
> procedures, as well as incomplete or inappropriate statistical
> procedures for examining equivalence. We conducted 2 studies examining
> the equivalence of paper-and-pencil and Internet data collection that
> accounted for these issues. In both studies, we used measures of
> personality, social desirability, and computer self-efficacy, and, in
> Study 2, we used personal growth initiative to assess quantitative
> equivalence (i.e., mean equivalence), qualitative equivalence (i.e.,
> internal consistency and intercorrelations), and auxiliary equivalence
> (i.e., response rates, missing data, completion time, and comfort
> completing questionnaires using paper-and-pencil and the Internet).
> Study 1 investigated the effects of completing surveys via
> paper-and-pencil or the Internet in both traditional (i.e., lab) and
> natural (i.e., take-home) settings. Results indicated equivalence across
> conditions, except for auxiliary equivalence aspects of missing data and
> completion time. Study 2 examined mailed paper-and-pencil and Internet
> surveys without contact between experimenter and participants. Results
> indicated equivalence between conditions, except for auxiliary
> equivalence aspects of response rate for providing an address and
> completion time. Overall, the findings show that paper-and-pencil and
> Internet data collection methods are generally equivalent, particularly
> for quantitative and qualitative equivalence, with nonequivalence only
> for some aspects of auxiliary equivalence.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 71-86 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315762500005
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Structural Equation Model Trees
>
> Authors:
> Brandmaier, AM; von Oertzen, T; McArdle, JJ; Lindenberger, U
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):71-86; MAR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> In the behavioral and social sciences, structural equation models (SEMs)
> have become widely accepted as a modeling tool for the relation between
> latent and observed variables. SEMs can be seen as a unification of
> several multivariate analysis techniques. SEM Trees combine the
> strengths of SEMs and the decision tree paradigm by building tree
> structures that separate a data set recursively into subsets with
> significantly different parameter estimates in a SEM. SEM Trees provide
> means for finding covariates and covariate interactions that predict
> differences in structural parameters in observed as well as in latent
> space and facilitate theory-guided exploration of empirical data. We
> describe the methodology, discuss theoretical and practical
> implications, and demonstrate applications to a factor model and a
> linear growth curve model.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 87-100 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315762500006
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> A Multilevel Simultaneous Equations Model for Within-Cluster Dynamic Effects, With an Application to Reciprocal Parent-Child and Sibling Effects
>
> Authors:
> Steele, F; Rasbash, J; Jenkins, J
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):87-100; MAR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> There has been substantial interest in the social and health sciences in
> the reciprocal causal influences that people in close relationships have
> on one another. Most research has considered reciprocal processes
> involving only 2 units, although many social relationships of interest
> occur within a larger group (e.g., families, work groups, peer groups,
> classrooms). This article presents a general longitudinal multilevel
> modeling framework for the simultaneous estimation of reciprocal
> relationships among individuals with unique roles operating in a social
> group. We use family data for illustrative purposes, but the model is
> generalizable to any social group in which measurements of individuals
> in the social group occur over time, individuals have unique roles, and
> clustering of the data is evident. We allow for the possibility that the
> outcomes of family members are influenced by a common set of unmeasured
> family characteristics. The multilevel model we propose allows for
> residual variation in the outcomes of parents and children at the
> occasion, individual, and family levels and residual correlation between
> parents and children due to the unmeasured shared environment, genetic
> factors, and shared measurement. Another advantage of this method over
> approaches used in previous family research is it can handle mixed
> family sizes. The method is illustrated in an analysis of maternal
> depression and child delinquency using data from the Avon Brothers and
> Sisters Study.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 101-119 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315762500007
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> A General and Flexible Approach to Estimating the Social Relations Model Using Bayesian Methods
>
> Authors:
> Ludtke, O; Robitzsch, A; Kenny, DA; Trautwein, U
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):101-119; MAR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The social relations model (SRM) is a conceptual, methodological, and
> analytical approach that is widely used to examine dyadic behaviors and
> interpersonal perception within groups. This article introduces a
> general and flexible approach to estimating the parameters of the SRM
> that is based on Bayesian methods using Markov chain Monte Carlo
> techniques. The Bayesian approach overcomes several statistical problems
> that have plagued SRM researchers. First, it provides a single unified
> approach to estimating SRM parameters that can be easily extended to
> more specialized models (e.g., measurement models, moderator variables,
> categorical outcome variables). Second, sampling-based Bayesian methods
> allow statistically reliable inferences to be made about variance
> components and correlations, even with small sample sizes. Third, the
> Bayesian approach is able to handle designs with missing data. In a
> simulation study, the statistical properties (bias, root-mean-square
> error, coverage rate) of the parameter estimates produced by the
> Bayesian approach are compared with those of the method of moment
> estimates that have been used in previous research. A data example is
> presented to illustrate how discrete person moderators can be included
> in SRM analyses using the Bayesian approach. Finally, further extensions
> of the SRM are discussed, and suggestions for applied research are made.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 120-120 (Correction)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315762500008
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> A mixed model approach to meta-analysis of diagnostic studies with binary test outcome
>
> Authors:
> Doebler, P; Holling, H; Bohning, D
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):120-120; MAR 2013
>
>
> Analyzing Repeated Measures Data on Individuals Nested Within Groups: Accounting for Dynamic Group Effects
>
> Authors:
> Bauer, DJ; Gottfredson, NC; Dean, D; Zucker, RA
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):1-14; MAR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Researchers commonly collect repeated measures on individuals nested
> within groups such as students within schools, patients within treatment
> groups, or siblings within families. Often, it is most appropriate to
> conceptualize such groups as dynamic entities, potentially undergoing
> stochastic structural and/or functional changes over time. For instance,
> as a student progresses through school, more senior students matriculate
> while more junior students enroll, administrators and teachers may turn
> over, and curricular changes may be introduced. What it means to be a
> student within that school may thus differ from 1 year to the next. This
> article demonstrates how to use multilevel linear models to recover
> time-varying group effects when analyzing repeated measures data on
> individuals nested within groups that evolve over time. Two examples are
> provided. The 1st example examines school effects on the science
> achievement trajectories of students, allowing for changes in school
> effects over time. The 2nd example concerns dynamic family effects on
> individual trajectories of externalizing behavior and depression.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 15-35 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315762500002
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Information Utility: Quantifying the Total Psychometric Information Provided by a Measure
>
> Authors:
> Markon, KE
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):15-35; MAR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Although advances have improved our ability to describe the measurement
> precision of a test, it often remains challenging to summarize how well
> a test is performing overall. Reliability, for example, provides an
> overall summary of measurement precision, but it is sample-specific and
> might not reflect the potential usefulness of a test if the sample is
> poorly suited for the test's purposes. The test information function,
> conversely, provides detailed sample-independent information about
> measurement precision, but it does not provide an overall summary of
> test performance. Here, the concept of information utility is
> introduced. Information utility provides an index of how much
> psychometric information a measure (e.g., item, test) provides about a
> trait overall. Information utility has a number of important applied
> implications, including test selection, trait estimation, computerized
> adaptive testing, and hypothesis testing. Information utility may have
> particular utility in situations where the accuracy of prior information
> about trait level is vague or unclear.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 36-52 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315762500003
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> How IRT Can Solve Problems of Ipsative Data in Forced-Choice Questionnaires
>
> Authors:
> Brown, A; Maydeu-Olivares, A
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):36-52; MAR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> In. multidimensional forced-choice (MFC) questionnaires, items measuring
> different attributes are presented in blocks, and participants have to
> rank order the items within each block (fully or partially). Such
> comparative formats can reduce the impact of numerous response biases
> often affecting single-stimulus items (aka rating or Likert scales).
> However, if scored with traditional methodology, MFC instruments produce
> ipsative data, whereby all individuals have a common total test score.
> Ipsative scoring distorts individual profiles (it is impossible to
> achieve all high or all low scale scores), construct validity
> (covariances between scales must sum to zero), criterion-related
> validity (validity coefficients must sum to zero), and reliability
> estimates. We argue that these problems are caused by inadequate scoring
> of forced-choice items and advocate the use of item response theory
> (IRT) models based on an appropriate response process for comparative
> data, such as Thurstone's law of comparative judgment. We show that when
> Thurstonian IRT modeling is applied (Brown & Maydeu-Olivares, 2011),
> even existing forced-choice questionnaires with challenging features can
> be scored adequately and that the IRT-estimated scores are free from the
> problems of ipsative data.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 53-70 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315762500004
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Examination of the Equivalence of Self-Report Survey-Based Paper-and-Pencil and Internet Data Collection Methods
>
> Authors:
> Weigold, A; Weigold, IK; Russell, EJ
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):53-70; MAR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Self-report survey-based data collection is increasingly carried out
> using the Internet, as opposed to the traditional paper-and-pencil
> method. However, previous research on the equivalence of these methods
> has yielded inconsistent findings. This may be due to methodological and
> statistical issues present in much of the literature, such as
> nonequivalent samples in different conditions due to recruitment,
> participant self-selection to conditions, and data collection
> procedures, as well as incomplete or inappropriate statistical
> procedures for examining equivalence. We conducted 2 studies examining
> the equivalence of paper-and-pencil and Internet data collection that
> accounted for these issues. In both studies, we used measures of
> personality, social desirability, and computer self-efficacy, and, in
> Study 2, we used personal growth initiative to assess quantitative
> equivalence (i.e., mean equivalence), qualitative equivalence (i.e.,
> internal consistency and intercorrelations), and auxiliary equivalence
> (i.e., response rates, missing data, completion time, and comfort
> completing questionnaires using paper-and-pencil and the Internet).
> Study 1 investigated the effects of completing surveys via
> paper-and-pencil or the Internet in both traditional (i.e., lab) and
> natural (i.e., take-home) settings. Results indicated equivalence across
> conditions, except for auxiliary equivalence aspects of missing data and
> completion time. Study 2 examined mailed paper-and-pencil and Internet
> surveys without contact between experimenter and participants. Results
> indicated equivalence between conditions, except for auxiliary
> equivalence aspects of response rate for providing an address and
> completion time. Overall, the findings show that paper-and-pencil and
> Internet data collection methods are generally equivalent, particularly
> for quantitative and qualitative equivalence, with nonequivalence only
> for some aspects of auxiliary equivalence.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 71-86 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315762500005
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Structural Equation Model Trees
>
> Authors:
> Brandmaier, AM; von Oertzen, T; McArdle, JJ; Lindenberger, U
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):71-86; MAR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> In the behavioral and social sciences, structural equation models (SEMs)
> have become widely accepted as a modeling tool for the relation between
> latent and observed variables. SEMs can be seen as a unification of
> several multivariate analysis techniques. SEM Trees combine the
> strengths of SEMs and the decision tree paradigm by building tree
> structures that separate a data set recursively into subsets with
> significantly different parameter estimates in a SEM. SEM Trees provide
> means for finding covariates and covariate interactions that predict
> differences in structural parameters in observed as well as in latent
> space and facilitate theory-guided exploration of empirical data. We
> describe the methodology, discuss theoretical and practical
> implications, and demonstrate applications to a factor model and a
> linear growth curve model.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 87-100 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315762500006
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> A Multilevel Simultaneous Equations Model for Within-Cluster Dynamic Effects, With an Application to Reciprocal Parent-Child and Sibling Effects
>
> Authors:
> Steele, F; Rasbash, J; Jenkins, J
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):87-100; MAR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> There has been substantial interest in the social and health sciences in
> the reciprocal causal influences that people in close relationships have
> on one another. Most research has considered reciprocal processes
> involving only 2 units, although many social relationships of interest
> occur within a larger group (e.g., families, work groups, peer groups,
> classrooms). This article presents a general longitudinal multilevel
> modeling framework for the simultaneous estimation of reciprocal
> relationships among individuals with unique roles operating in a social
> group. We use family data for illustrative purposes, but the model is
> generalizable to any social group in which measurements of individuals
> in the social group occur over time, individuals have unique roles, and
> clustering of the data is evident. We allow for the possibility that the
> outcomes of family members are influenced by a common set of unmeasured
> family characteristics. The multilevel model we propose allows for
> residual variation in the outcomes of parents and children at the
> occasion, individual, and family levels and residual correlation between
> parents and children due to the unmeasured shared environment, genetic
> factors, and shared measurement. Another advantage of this method over
> approaches used in previous family research is it can handle mixed
> family sizes. The method is illustrated in an analysis of maternal
> depression and child delinquency using data from the Avon Brothers and
> Sisters Study.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 101-119 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315762500007
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> A General and Flexible Approach to Estimating the Social Relations Model Using Bayesian Methods
>
> Authors:
> Ludtke, O; Robitzsch, A; Kenny, DA; Trautwein, U
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):101-119; MAR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The social relations model (SRM) is a conceptual, methodological, and
> analytical approach that is widely used to examine dyadic behaviors and
> interpersonal perception within groups. This article introduces a
> general and flexible approach to estimating the parameters of the SRM
> that is based on Bayesian methods using Markov chain Monte Carlo
> techniques. The Bayesian approach overcomes several statistical problems
> that have plagued SRM researchers. First, it provides a single unified
> approach to estimating SRM parameters that can be easily extended to
> more specialized models (e.g., measurement models, moderator variables,
> categorical outcome variables). Second, sampling-based Bayesian methods
> allow statistically reliable inferences to be made about variance
> components and correlations, even with small sample sizes. Third, the
> Bayesian approach is able to handle designs with missing data. In a
> simulation study, the statistical properties (bias, root-mean-square
> error, coverage rate) of the parameter estimates produced by the
> Bayesian approach are compared with those of the method of moment
> estimates that have been used in previous research. A data example is
> presented to illustrate how discrete person moderators can be included
> in SRM analyses using the Bayesian approach. Finally, further extensions
> of the SRM are discussed, and suggestions for applied research are made.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 120-120 (Correction)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315762500008
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> A mixed model approach to meta-analysis of diagnostic studies with binary test outcome
>
> Authors:
> Doebler, P; Holling, H; Bohning, D
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS*, 18 (1):120-120; MAR 2013
>
>
IQs Corner Google Scholar Alert 3-28-13
Scholar Alert: New citations to my articles
Teachers' Emotional Support Consistency Predicts Children's Achievement Gains and Social Skills
TW Curby, LL Brock, BK Hamre - Early Education & Development, 2013Research Findings: It is widely acknowledged that consistent, high-quality teacher–student
interactions promote optimal developmental outcomes for children. Previous research on the
quality of teacher–student interactions provides empirical support for this premise. Little ...Intelligent Testing with Wechsler's Fourth Editions:: Perspectives on the Weiss et al. Studies and the Eight Commentaries
AS Kaufman - Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 2013Abstract The two featured articles and eight commentaries on the WISC-IV (Wechsler, 2003)
and WAIS-IV (Wechsler, 2008) in this special issue of Journal of Psychoeducational
Assessment are of exceptional quality. As a collective, this special issue greatly advances ...Effects of Patterning Instruction on the Academic Achievement of 1st-Grade Children
JK Kidd, AG Carlson, KM Gadzichowski, CE Boyer… - Journal of Research in …, 2013A test of the effectiveness of patterning instruction was conducted with 140 first-graders.
First, 383 first-graders from 20 classes were screened on a patterning test. The eight in each
class who scored worst were given individual 15-minute lessons on patterning or reading ...The science of intelligence testing: Commentary on the evolving nature of interpretations of the Wechsler scales
S Goldstein - Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 2013Abstract Intelligence has been defined in multiple ways throughout history. In the last 100
years a psychometric approach to define the concept of intelligence has come to dominate
the concept. This Commentary provides a brief overview of the history and concepts of ...WAIS-IV and clinical validation of the four-and five-factor interpretative approaches
LG Weiss, TZ Keith, J Zhu, H Chen - Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 2013Abstract The fourth edition of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) is a revised
and substantially updated version of its predecessor. The purposes of this research were to
determine the constructs measured by the test and the consistency of measurement ...
Journal Alert - DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
> Title:
> Impaired Online Control in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder Reflects Developmental Immaturity
>
> Authors:
> Hyde, CE; Wilson, PH
>
> Source:
> *DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY*, 38 (2):81-97; FEB 1 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The present study aimed to clarify whether a reduced ability to correct
> movements in-flight observed in children with developmental coordination
> disorder (DCD) reflects a developmental immaturity or deviance from the
> typical trajectory. Eighteen children with DCD (812 years), 18
> age-matched controls, and 12 younger controls (57 years) completed a
> double-step reaching task. Compared to older controls, children with DCD
> and younger controls showed similarly prolonged reaching when the target
> unexpectedly shifted at movement onset and were equally slow to correct
> their reaching trajectory. These results suggest that impaired online
> control in DCD reflects developmental immaturity, possibly implicating
> the parietal-cerebellar cortices.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 98-113 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315775600002
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Correlations Between Motor and Intellectual Functions in Normally Developing Children Between 7 and 18 Years
>
> Authors:
> Jenni, OG; Chaouch, A; Caflisch, J; Rousson, V
>
> Source:
> *DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY*, 38 (2):98-113; FEB 1 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The relationship between motor and intellectual functions was examined
> in 252 healthy children from 7 to 18 years using the Zurich Neuromotor
> Assessment and standardized intelligence tests. The magnitude of
> Spearman correlations between neuromotor and intellectual scores was
> generally weak (r=0.150.37). The strongest correlations were found
> between performance in the pegboard task and visuomotor intelligence
> (r=0.35) and between contralateral associated movements and intelligence
> in boys (r=0.37). We conclude that specific connections between motor
> and intellectual functions may exist. However, because the magnitude of
> correlations is generally weak, we suggest that motor and intellectual
> domains in healthy children are largely independent.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 114-125 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315775600003
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Development of Affective Theory of Mind Across Adolescence: Disentangling the Role of Executive Functions
>
> Authors:
> Vetter, NC; Altgassen, M; Phillips, L; Mahy, CEV; Kliegel, M
>
> Source:
> *DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY*, 38 (2):114-125; FEB 1 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Theory of mind, the ability to understand mental states, involves
> inferences about others' cognitive (cognitive theory of mind) and
> emotional (affective theory of mind) mental states. The current study
> explored the role of executive functions in developing affective theory
> of mind across adolescence. Affective theory of mind and three
> subcomponents of executive functions (inhibition, updating, and
> shifting) were measured. Affective theory of mind was positively related
> to age, and all three executive functions. Specifically, inhibition
> explained the largest amount of variance in age-related differences in
> affective theory of mind.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 126-136 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315775600004
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> The Effects of Inhalant Misuse on Attentional Networks
>
> Authors:
> Vilar-Lopez, R; Takagi, M; Lubman, DI; Cotton, SM; Bora, E;
> Verdejo-Garcia, A; Yucel, M
>
> Source:
> *DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY*, 38 (2):126-136; FEB 1 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Inhalant misuse among adolescents is poorly understood from a
> neuropsychological perspective. This study aimed to identify attentional
> deficits related to inhalant misuse measured with the Attention Network
> Test (ANT). We examined three groups: 19 inhalant users, 19 cannabis
> users, and 18 community controls. There were no group differences on the
> ANT measures of orienting, alerting, and executive control. However,
> compared to the cannabis and control groups, inhalant users demonstrated
> an increased rate of response errors in the absence of any reaction time
> differences. These differences may reflect a selective deficit in
> sustained attention or greater impulsivity in the inhalant group.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 137-138 (Book Review)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315775600005
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Social Neuroscience: Toward Understanding the Underpinnings of the Social Mind
>
> Authors:
> Skinner, AL
>
> Source:
> *DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY*, 38 (2):137-138; FEB 1 2013
>
>
> Impaired Online Control in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder Reflects Developmental Immaturity
>
> Authors:
> Hyde, CE; Wilson, PH
>
> Source:
> *DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY*, 38 (2):81-97; FEB 1 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The present study aimed to clarify whether a reduced ability to correct
> movements in-flight observed in children with developmental coordination
> disorder (DCD) reflects a developmental immaturity or deviance from the
> typical trajectory. Eighteen children with DCD (812 years), 18
> age-matched controls, and 12 younger controls (57 years) completed a
> double-step reaching task. Compared to older controls, children with DCD
> and younger controls showed similarly prolonged reaching when the target
> unexpectedly shifted at movement onset and were equally slow to correct
> their reaching trajectory. These results suggest that impaired online
> control in DCD reflects developmental immaturity, possibly implicating
> the parietal-cerebellar cortices.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 98-113 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315775600002
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Correlations Between Motor and Intellectual Functions in Normally Developing Children Between 7 and 18 Years
>
> Authors:
> Jenni, OG; Chaouch, A; Caflisch, J; Rousson, V
>
> Source:
> *DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY*, 38 (2):98-113; FEB 1 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The relationship between motor and intellectual functions was examined
> in 252 healthy children from 7 to 18 years using the Zurich Neuromotor
> Assessment and standardized intelligence tests. The magnitude of
> Spearman correlations between neuromotor and intellectual scores was
> generally weak (r=0.150.37). The strongest correlations were found
> between performance in the pegboard task and visuomotor intelligence
> (r=0.35) and between contralateral associated movements and intelligence
> in boys (r=0.37). We conclude that specific connections between motor
> and intellectual functions may exist. However, because the magnitude of
> correlations is generally weak, we suggest that motor and intellectual
> domains in healthy children are largely independent.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 114-125 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315775600003
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Development of Affective Theory of Mind Across Adolescence: Disentangling the Role of Executive Functions
>
> Authors:
> Vetter, NC; Altgassen, M; Phillips, L; Mahy, CEV; Kliegel, M
>
> Source:
> *DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY*, 38 (2):114-125; FEB 1 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Theory of mind, the ability to understand mental states, involves
> inferences about others' cognitive (cognitive theory of mind) and
> emotional (affective theory of mind) mental states. The current study
> explored the role of executive functions in developing affective theory
> of mind across adolescence. Affective theory of mind and three
> subcomponents of executive functions (inhibition, updating, and
> shifting) were measured. Affective theory of mind was positively related
> to age, and all three executive functions. Specifically, inhibition
> explained the largest amount of variance in age-related differences in
> affective theory of mind.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 126-136 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315775600004
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> The Effects of Inhalant Misuse on Attentional Networks
>
> Authors:
> Vilar-Lopez, R; Takagi, M; Lubman, DI; Cotton, SM; Bora, E;
> Verdejo-Garcia, A; Yucel, M
>
> Source:
> *DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY*, 38 (2):126-136; FEB 1 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Inhalant misuse among adolescents is poorly understood from a
> neuropsychological perspective. This study aimed to identify attentional
> deficits related to inhalant misuse measured with the Attention Network
> Test (ANT). We examined three groups: 19 inhalant users, 19 cannabis
> users, and 18 community controls. There were no group differences on the
> ANT measures of orienting, alerting, and executive control. However,
> compared to the cannabis and control groups, inhalant users demonstrated
> an increased rate of response errors in the absence of any reaction time
> differences. These differences may reflect a selective deficit in
> sustained attention or greater impulsivity in the inhalant group.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 137-138 (Book Review)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000315775600005
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Social Neuroscience: Toward Understanding the Underpinnings of the Social Mind
>
> Authors:
> Skinner, AL
>
> Source:
> *DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY*, 38 (2):137-138; FEB 1 2013
>
>
Journal Alert - PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW
> Title:
> Processing convexity and concavity along a 2-D contour: figure-ground, structural shape, and attention
>
> Authors:
> Bertamini, M; Wagemans, J
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):191-207; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Interest in convexity has a long history in vision science. For smooth
> contours in an image, it is possible to code regions of positive
> (convex) and negative (concave) curvature, and this provides useful
> information about solid shape. We review a large body of evidence on the
> role of this information in perception of shape and in attention. This
> includes evidence from behavioral, neurophysiological, imaging, and
> developmental studies. A review is necessary to analyze the evidence on
> how convexity affects (1) separation between figure and ground, (2) part
> structure, and (3) attention allocation. Despite some broad agreement on
> the importance of convexity in these areas, there is a lack of consensus
> on the interpretation of specific claims-for example, on the
> contribution of convexity to metric depth and on the automatic directing
> of attention to convexities or to concavities. The focus is on convexity
> and concavity along a 2-D contour, not convexity and concavity in 3-D,
> but the important link between the two is discussed. We conclude that
> there is good evidence for the role of convexity information in
> figure-ground organization and in parsing, but other, more specific
> claims are not (yet) well supported.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 208-227 (Review)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900002
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Neural evidence supports a novel framework for spatial navigation
>
> Authors:
> Chrastil, ER
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):208-227; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The spatial knowledge used for human navigation has traditionally been
> separated into three categories: landmark, route, and survey knowledge.
> While behavioral research has retained this framework, it has become
> increasingly clear from recent neuroimaging studies that such a
> classification system is not adequate for understanding the brain. This
> review proposes a new framework, with a taxonomy based on the cognitive
> processes and subprocesses involved in spatial navigation. The neural
> correlates of spatial memory can inform our understanding of the
> cognitive processes involved in human navigation, and conversely, the
> specific task demands of an experiment can inform the interpretation of
> neuroimaging results. This review examines the neural correlates of each
> cognitive process separately, to provide a closer inspection of each
> component of spatial navigation. While landmark, route, and survey
> knowledge are still important components of human navigation, the neural
> correlates are not neatly ascribed to these three categories. The
> present findings provide motivation for a more detailed examination of
> the cognitive processes engaged during wayfinding.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 228-242 (Review)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900003
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Working memory as internal attention: Toward an integrative account of internal and external selection processes
>
> Authors:
> Kiyonaga, A; Egner, T
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):228-242; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Working memory (WM) and attention have been studied as separate
> cognitive constructs, although it has long been acknowledged that
> attention plays an important role in controlling the activation,
> maintenance, and manipulation of representations in WM. WM has,
> conversely, been thought of as a means of maintaining representations to
> voluntarily guide perceptual selective attention. It has more recently
> been observed, however, that the contents of WM can capture visual
> attention, even when such internally maintained representations are
> irrelevant, and often disruptive, to the immediate external task. Thus,
> the precise relationship between WM and attention remains unclear, but
> it appears that they may bidirectionally impact one another, whether or
> not internal representations are consistent with the external perceptual
> goals. This reciprocal relationship seems, further, to be constrained by
> limited cognitive resources to handle demands in either maintenance or
> selection. We propose here that the close relationship between WM and
> attention may be best described as a give-and-take interdependence
> between attention directed toward either actively maintained internal
> representations (traditionally considered WM) or external perceptual
> stimuli (traditionally considered selective attention), underpinned by
> their shared reliance on a common cognitive resource. Put simply, we
> argue that WM and attention should no longer be considered as separate
> systems or concepts, but as competing and influencing one another
> because they rely on the same limited resource. This framework can offer
> an explanation for the capture of visual attention by irrelevant WM
> contents, as well as a straightforward account of the underspecified
> relationship between WM and attention.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 243-268 (Review)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900004
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Memory mechanisms supporting syntactic comprehension
>
> Authors:
> Caplan, D; Waters, G
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):243-268; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Efforts to characterize the memory system that supports sentence
> comprehension have historically drawn extensively on short-term memory
> as a source of mechanisms that might apply to sentences. The focus of
> these efforts has changed significantly in the past decade. As a result
> of changes in models of short-term working memory (ST-WM) and
> developments in models of sentence comprehension, the effort to relate
> entire components of an ST-WM system, such as those in the model
> developed by Baddeley (Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4: 829-839, 2003) to
> sentence comprehension has largely been replaced by an effort to relate
> more specific mechanisms found in modern models of ST-WM to memory
> processes that support one aspect of sentence comprehension-the
> assignment of syntactic structure (parsing) and its use in determining
> sentence meaning (interpretation) during sentence comprehension. In this
> article, we present the historical background to recent studies of the
> memory mechanisms that support parsing and interpretation and review
> recent research into this relation. We argue that the results of this
> research do not converge on a set of mechanisms derived from ST-WM that
> apply to parsing and interpretation. We argue that the memory mechanisms
> supporting parsing and interpretation have features that characterize
> another memory system that has been postulated to account for skilled
> performance-long-term working memory. We propose a model of the relation
> of different aspects of parsing and interpretation to ST-WM and
> long-term working memory.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 269-273 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900005
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools
>
> Authors:
> De Neys, W; Rossi, S; Houde, O
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):269-273; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Influential work on human thinking suggests that our judgment is often
> biased because we minimize cognitive effort and intuitively substitute
> hard questions by easier ones. A key question is whether or not people
> realize that they are doing this and notice their mistake. Here, we test
> this claim with one of the most publicized examples of the substitution
> bias, the bat-and-ball problem. We designed an isomorphic control
> version in which reasoners experience no intuitive pull to substitute.
> Results show that people are less confident in their substituted,
> erroneous bat-and-ball answer than in their answer on the control
> version that does not give rise to the substitution. Contrary to popular
> belief, this basic finding indicates that biased reasoners are not
> completely oblivious to the substitution and sense that their answer is
> questionable. This calls into question the characterization of the human
> reasoner as a happy fool who blindly answers erroneous questions without
> realizing it.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 274-281 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900006
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Facilitatory priming of scene layout depends on experience with the scene
>
> Authors:
> Sanocki, T
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):274-281; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Facilitatory scene priming is the positive effect of a scene prime on
> the immediately subsequent spatial processing of a related target,
> relative to control primes. In the present experiments, a large set of
> scenes were presented, each several times. The accuracy of a relational
> spatial-layout judgment was the main measure (which of two probes in a
> scene was closer?). The effect of scene primes on sensitivity was near
> zero for the first presentation of a scene; advantages for scene primes
> occurred only after two or three presentations. In addition, a bias
> effect emerged in reaction times for novel scenes. These results imply
> that facilitatory scene priming requires learning and is top-down in
> nature. Scene priming may require the consolidation of interscene
> relations in a memory representation.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 282-288 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900007
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> The time course of attentional deployment in contextual cueing
>
> Authors:
> Jiang, YHV; Sigstad, HM; Swallow, KM
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):282-288; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The time course of attention is a major characteristic on which
> different types of attention diverge. In addition to explicit goals and
> salient stimuli, spatial attention is influenced by past experience. In
> contextual cueing, behaviorally relevant stimuli are more quickly found
> when they appear in a spatial context that has previously been
> encountered than when they appear in a new context. In this study, we
> investigated the time that it takes for contextual cueing to develop
> following the onset of search layout cues. In three experiments,
> participants searched for a T target in an array of Ls. Each array was
> consistently associated with a single target location. In a testing
> phase, we manipulated the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the
> repeated spatial layout and the search display. Contextual cueing was
> equivalent for a wide range of SOAs between 0 and 1,000 ms. The lack of
> an increase in contextual cueing with increasing cue durations suggests
> that as an implicit learning mechanism, contextual cueing cannot be
> effectively used until search begins.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 289-295 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900008
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Replicating distinctive facial features in lineups: identification performance in young versus older adults
>
> Authors:
> Badham, SP; Wade, KA; Watts, HJE; Woods, NG; Maylor, EA
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):289-295; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Criminal suspects with distinctive facial features, such as tattoos or
> bruising, may stand out in a police lineup. To prevent suspects from
> being unfairly identified on the basis of their distinctive feature, the
> police often manipulate lineup images to ensure that all of the members
> appear similar. Recent research shows that replicating a distinctive
> feature across lineup members enhances eyewitness identification
> performance, relative to removing that feature on the target. In line
> with this finding, the present study demonstrated that with young adults
> (n = 60; mean age = 20), replication resulted in more target
> identifications than did removal in target-present lineups and that
> replication did not impair performance, relative to removal, in
> target-absent lineups. Older adults (n = 90; mean age = 74) performed
> significantly worse than young adults, identifying fewer targets and
> more foils; moreover, older adults showed a minimal benefit from
> replication over removal. This pattern is consistent with the
> associative deficit hypothesis of aging, such that older adults form
> weaker links between faces and their distinctive features. Although
> replication did not produce much benefit over removal for older adults,
> it was not detrimental to their performance. Therefore, the results
> suggest that replication may not be as beneficial to older adults as it
> is to young adults and demonstrate a new practical implication of
> age-related associative deficits in memory.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 296-301 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900009
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Active suppression after involuntary capture of attention
>
> Authors:
> Sawaki, R; Luck, SJ
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):296-301; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> After attention has been involuntarily captured by a distractor, how is
> it reoriented toward a target? One possibility is that attention to the
> distractor passively fades over time, allowing the target to become
> attended. Another possibility is that the captured location is actively
> suppressed so that attention can be directed toward the target location.
> The present study investigated this issue with event-related potentials
> (ERPs), focusing on the N2pc component (a neural measure of attentional
> deployment) and the Pd component (a neural measure of attentional
> suppression). Observers identified a color-defined target in a search
> array, which was preceded by a task-irrelevant cue array. When the cue
> array contained an item that matched the target color, this item
> captured attention (as measured both behaviorally and with the N2pc
> component). This capture of attention was followed by active suppression
> (indexed by the Pd component), and this was then followed by a
> reorienting of attention toward the target in the search array (indexed
> by the N2pc component). These findings indicate that the involuntary
> capture of attention by a distractor is followed by an active
> suppression process that presumably facilitates the subsequent voluntary
> orienting of attention to the target.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 302-309 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900010
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Magnitude effects for experienced rewards at short delays in the escalating interest task
>
> Authors:
> Young, ME; Webb, TL; Sutherland, SC; Jacobs, EA
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):302-309; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> A first-person shooter video game was adapted for the study of choice
> between smaller sooner and larger later rewards. Participants chose when
> to fire a weapon that increased in damage potential over a short
> interval. When the delay to maximum damage was shorter (5-8 s), people
> showed greater sensitivity to the consequences of their choices than
> when the delay was longer (17-20 s). Participants also evidenced a
> magnitude effect by waiting proportionally longer when the damage
> magnitudes were doubled for all rewards. The experiment replicated the
> standard magnitude effect with this new video game preparation over time
> scales similar to those typically used in nonhuman animal studies and
> without complications due to satiation or cost.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 310-317 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900011
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Challenging prior evidence for a shared syntactic processor for language and music
>
> Authors:
> Perruchet, P; Poulin-Charronnat, B
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):310-317; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> A theoretical landmark in the growing literature comparing language and
> music is the shared syntactic integration resource hypothesis (SSIRH;
> e.g., Patel, 2008), which posits that the successful processing of
> linguistic and musical materials relies, at least partially, on the
> mastery of a common syntactic processor. Supporting the SSIRH, Slevc,
> Rosenberg, and Patel (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 16(2):374-381, 2009)
> recently reported data showing enhanced syntactic garden path effects
> when the sentences were paired with syntactically unexpected chords,
> whereas the musical manipulation had no reliable effect on the
> processing of semantic violations. The present experiment replicated
> Slevc et al.'s (2009) procedure, except that syntactic garden paths were
> replaced with semantic garden paths. We observed the very same
> interactive pattern of results. These findings suggest that the element
> underpinning interactions is the garden path configuration, rather than
> the implication of an alleged syntactic module. We suggest that a
> different amount of attentional resources is recruited to process each
> type of linguistic manipulations, hence modulating the resources left
> available for the processing of music and, consequently, the effects of
> musical violations.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 318-325 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900012
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Source accuracy data reveal the thresholded nature of human episodic memory
>
> Authors:
> Harlow, IM; Donaldson, DI
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):318-325; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Episodic recollection supports conscious retrieval of past events. It is
> unknown why recollected memories are often vivid, but at other times we
> struggle to remember. Such experiences might reflect a recollection
> threshold: Either the threshold is exceeded and information is
> retrieved, or recollection fails completely. Alternatively, retrieval
> failure could reflect weak memory: Recollection could behave as a
> continuous signal, always yielding some variable degree of information.
> Here we reconcile these views, using a novel source memory task that
> measures retrieval accuracy directly. We show that recollection is
> thresholded, such that retrieval sometimes simply fails. Our technique
> clarifies a fundamental property of memory and allows responses to be
> accurately measured, without recourse to subjective introspection. These
> findings raise new questions about how successful retrieval is
> determined and why it declines with age and disease.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 326-333 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900013
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Hierarchical modeling of contingency-based source monitoring: A test of the probability-matching account
>
> Authors:
> Arnold, NR; Bayen, UJ; Kuhlmann, BG; Vaterrodt, B
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):326-333; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> According to the probability-matching account of source guessing
> (Spaniol & Bayen, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,
> and Cognition 28:631-651, 2002), when people do not remember the source
> of an item in a source-monitoring task, they match the source-guessing
> probabilities to the perceived contingencies between sources and item
> types. In a source-monitoring experiment, half of the items presented by
> each of two sources were consistent with schematic expectations about
> this source, whereas the other half of the items were consistent with
> schematic expectations about the other source. Participants' source
> schemas were activated either at the time of encoding or just before the
> source-monitoring test. After test, the participants judged the
> contingency of the item type and source. Individual parameter estimates
> of source guessing were obtained via beta-multinomial processing tree
> modeling (beta-MPT; Smith & Batchelder, Journal of Mathematical
> Psychology 54:167-183, 2010). We found a significant correlation between
> the perceived contingency and source guessing, as well as a correlation
> between the deviation of the guessing bias from the true contingency and
> source memory when participants did not receive the schema information
> until retrieval. These findings support the probability-matching
> account.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 334-340 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900014
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> The role of verbal short-term memory in task selection: How articulatory suppression influences task choice in voluntary task switching
>
> Authors:
> Weywadt, CRB; Butler, KM
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):334-340; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The roles of verbal short-term memory (vSTM) in task selection and task
> performance processes were examined when individuals were asked to
> voluntarily choose which of two tasks to perform on each trial randomly.
> Consistent with previous voluntary task-switching (VTS) research, we
> hypothesized that vSTM would support random task selection by
> maintaining a sequence of previously executed tasks that would be used
> by a representativeness heuristic. Furthermore, because using a
> representativeness heuristic requires sufficient time for updating and
> comparison processes, we expected that vSTM would have a greater effect
> on task selection when more time was available. Participants completed
> VTS under concurrent articulatory suppression and foot tapping at short
> and long response-to-stimulus intervals (RSIs). Task selection in VTS
> was more repetitive under suppression than under foot tapping, but this
> effect did not vary with RSI, suggesting that vSTM does not maintain the
> sequence of executed tasks to guide task selection. Instead, vSTM is
> critical for maintaining the intended task and ensuring that it is
> carried out. In contrast to the finding that a working memory load
> impairs task performance, we found no difference in reaction times and
> no switch costs between suppression and foot-tapping conditions,
> suggesting that vSTM is not critical for task performance.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 341-347 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900015
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> The roles of working memory and intervening task difficulty in determining the benefits of repetition
>
> Authors:
> Bui, DC; Maddox, GB; Balota, DA
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):341-347; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Memory is better when learning events are spaced, as compared with
> massed (i.e., the spacing effect). Recent theories posit that retrieval
> of an item's earlier presentation contributes to the spacing effect,
> which suggests that individual differences in the ability to retrieve an
> earlier event may influence the benefit of spaced repetition. The
> present study examined (1) the difficulty of task demands between
> repetitions, which should modulate the ability to retrieve the earlier
> information, and (2) individual differences in working memory in a
> spaced repetition paradigm. Across two experiments, participants studied
> a word set twice, each separated by an interval where duration was held
> constant, and the difficulty of the intervening task was manipulated.
> After a short retention interval following the second presentation,
> participants recalled the word set. Those who scored high on working
> memory measures benefited more from repeated study than did those who
> scored lower on working memory measures, regardless of task difficulty.
> Critically, a crossover interaction was observed between working memory
> and intervening task difficulty: Individuals with low working memory
> scores benefited more when task difficulty was easy than when it was
> difficult, but individuals with high working memory scores produced the
> opposite effect. These results suggest that individual differences in
> working memory should be considered in optimizing the benefits of
> repetition learning.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 348-355 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900016
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> The benefit of forgetting
>
> Authors:
> Williams, M; Hong, SW; Kang, MS; Carlisle, NB; Woodman, GF
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):348-355; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Recent research using change-detection tasks has shown that a
> directed-forgetting cue, indicating that a subset of the information
> stored in memory can be forgotten, significantly benefits the other
> information stored in visual working memory. How do these
> directed-forgetting cues aid the memory representations that are
> retained? We addressed this question in the present study by using a
> recall paradigm to measure the nature of the retained memory
> representations. Our results demonstrated that a directed-forgetting cue
> leads to higher-fidelity representations of the remaining items and a
> lower probability of dropping these representations from memory. Next,
> we showed that this is made possible by the to-be-forgotten item being
> expelled from visual working memory following the cue, allowing
> maintenance mechanisms to be focused on only the items that remain in
> visual working memory. Thus, the present findings show that cues to
> forget benefit the remaining information in visual working memory by
> fundamentally improving their quality relative to conditions in which
> just as many items are encoded but no cue is provided.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 356-363 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900017
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Self-regulated learning of a natural category: Do people interleave or block exemplars during study?
>
> Authors:
> Tauber, SK; Dunlosky, J; Rawson, KA; Wahlheim, CN; Jacoby, LL
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):356-363; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Despite decades of research focused on the representation of concepts,
> little is known about the influence of self-regulatory processes when
> learning natural categories. Such work is vital, as many contexts
> require self-regulation when we form complex concepts. Previous research
> has demonstrated that interleaving, as compared to blocking, can improve
> classification. Thus, as an initial step to explore self-regulated
> learning of natural concepts, we evaluated whether people chose to block
> or interleave their practice. According to the search-for-differences
> hypothesis, people attempt to identify features of birds that
> distinguish one category (i.e., bird family) from another, and hence
> should interleave their study. According to the search-for-similarities
> hypothesis, people attempt to identify features that indicate inclusion
> into a single category, and hence are expected to block their study. To
> evaluate these hypotheses, we had participants learn exemplar birds
> (e.g., Song Sparrow) with their respective bird families (e.g., Sparrow)
> by selecting the order in which to study bird families. Across four
> experiments, different formats for selecting exemplars for study were
> used, so as to provide converging evidence for how participants
> regulated their learning. Participants overwhelmingly preferred to block
> their study, even though interleaving is normatively better for
> learning.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 364-371 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900018
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Heterogeneity of strategy use in the Iowa gambling task: A comparison of win-stay/lose-shift and reinforcement learning models
>
> Authors:
> Worthy, DA; Hawthorne, MJ; Otto, AR
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):364-371; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The Iowa gambling task (IGT) has been used in numerous studies, often to
> examine decision-making performance in different clinical populations.
> Reinforcement learning (RL) models such as the expectancy valence (EV)
> model have often been used to characterize choice behavior in this work,
> and accordingly, parameter differences from these models have been used
> to examine differences in decision-making processes between different
> populations. These RL models assume a strategy whereby participants
> incrementally update the expected rewards for each option and
> probabilistically select options with higher expected rewards. Here we
> show that a formal model that assumes a win-stay/lose-shift (WSLS)
> strategy-which is sensitive only to the outcome of the previous
> choice-provides the best fit to IGT data from about half of our sample
> of healthy young adults, and that a prospect valence learning (PVL)
> model that utilizes a decay reinforcement learning rule provides the
> best fit to the other half of the data. Further analyses suggested that
> the better fits of the WSLS model to many participants' data were not
> due to an enhanced ability of the WSLS model to mimic the RL strategy
> assumed by the PVL and EV models. These results suggest that WSLS is a
> common strategy in the IGT and that both heuristic-based and RL-based
> models should be used to inform decision-making behavior in the IGT and
> similar choice tasks.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 372-377 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900019
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Automatic activation of attribute knowledge in heuristic inference from memory
>
> Authors:
> Khader, PH; Pachur, T; Jost, K
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):372-377; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> In memory-based decision making, people often rely on simple heuristics
> such as take-the-best (TTB; Gigerenzer & Goldstein, Psychological
> Review, 103, 650-669, 1996), which processes information about the
> alternatives sequentially and stops processing as soon as a decision can
> be made. In this article, we examine the memory processes associated
> with TTB-in particular, to what degree the selective memory retrieval of
> relevant information required by TTB is accompanied by automatic
> activation of associated but irrelevant information. To address this
> question, we studied the fan effect (Anderson, Cognitive Psychology, 6,
> 451-474, 1974), which is assumed to arise from automatic spread of
> activation, in inferences from memory. Participants were instructed to
> use TTB when making decisions about objects on the basis of previously
> memorized attribute information. Both the number of attributes required
> by TTB and the number of attributes associated with an object (i.e., fan
> level) were manipulated. As it turned out, response times and the
> correct execution of TTB were a function not only of the number of
> required attributes, but also of the number of associated attributes.
> This suggests that information that TTB "ignores" is nevertheless
> activated in memory.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 378-384 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900020
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Contributions of beliefs and processing fluency to the effect of relatedness on judgments of learning
>
> Authors:
> Mueller, ML; Tauber, SK; Dunlosky, J
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):378-384; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Discovering how people judge their memories has been a major issue for
> metacognitive research for over 4 decades; many factors have been
> discovered that affect people's judgments, but exactly how those effects
> are mediated is poorly understood. For instance, the effect of word pair
> relatedness on judgments of learning (JOLs) has been repeatedly
> demonstrated, yet the underlying basis of this substantial effect is
> currently unknown. Thus, in three experiments, we assessed the
> contribution of beliefs and processing fluency. In Experiment 1,
> participants studied related and unrelated word pairs and made either
> prestudy JOLs or immediate JOLs. Participants gave higher estimates for
> related than for unrelated pairs, suggesting that participants' beliefs
> at least partially drive the relatedness effect on JOLs. Next, we
> evaluated the contribution of processing fluency to the relatedness
> effect either (1) by disrupting fluency by presenting half the pairs in
> an aLtErNaTiNg format (Experiment 2) or (2) by measuring how fluently
> participants processed pairs at study and statistically estimating the
> degree to which conceptual fluency mediated the effects of relatedness
> on JOLs (Experiment 3). Results from both experiments indicated that
> fluency contributes minimally to the relatedness effect. Taken together,
> these results indicate that people's beliefs about how relatedness
> influences memory are responsible for mediating the relationship between
> relatedness and JOLs. In general, empirically establishing what mediates
> the effects of other factors on people's judgments remains a major
> agenda for advancing theory of metacognitive monitoring.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 385-390 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900021
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Guilt by association and honor by association: The role of acquired equivalence
>
> Authors:
> Molet, M; Stagner, JP; Miller, HC; Kosinski, T; Zentall, TR
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):385-390; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Guilt by association and honor by association are two types of judgments
> that suggest that a negative or positive quality of a person or object
> can transfer to another person or object, merely by co-occurrence. Most
> examples have been demonstrated under conditions of direct associations.
> Here, we provide experimental evidence of guilt by association and honor
> by association via indirect associations. We show that participants may
> treat two individuals alike if they have been separately paired with a
> common event using an acquired-equivalence paradigm. Our findings
> suggest that association fallacies can be examined using a paradigm
> originally developed for research with nonhuman animals and based on a
> representation mediation account.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 391-399 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900022
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Examining mental simulations of uncertain events
>
> Authors:
> Ferguson, HJ; Tresh, M; Leblond, J
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):391-399; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> A great deal of research into the experiential nature of language has
> demonstrated that our understanding of events is facilitated through
> mental simulations of the described linguistic input. However, to date
> little is understood about how contextual uncertainty about the
> described event might influence the content and strength of these mental
> representations or the cognitive effort involved. In this article, we
> report a single experiment in which participants read sentences such as
> "The old lady [knows/thinks] that the picnic basket is open." Following
> a delay of 250 or 1,500 ms, they responded to pictures that varied in
> the physical form of the target object (matching vs. mismatching).
> Results revealed an expected facilitation effect for matching images,
> but more important, they also showed interference effects (longer
> reaction times) at the shorter interstimulus interval (ISI; 250 ms)
> following the uncertain verb thinks, as compared with the certain verb
> knows. At the longer ISI, this effect was no longer present. This
> suggests that at the short ISI, uncertain conditions required extra time
> to construct and map a simulation of events onto the available image.
> Results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms involved in
> representing possible events and with reference to related literature on
> perspective taking.
>
>
> Processing convexity and concavity along a 2-D contour: figure-ground, structural shape, and attention
>
> Authors:
> Bertamini, M; Wagemans, J
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):191-207; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Interest in convexity has a long history in vision science. For smooth
> contours in an image, it is possible to code regions of positive
> (convex) and negative (concave) curvature, and this provides useful
> information about solid shape. We review a large body of evidence on the
> role of this information in perception of shape and in attention. This
> includes evidence from behavioral, neurophysiological, imaging, and
> developmental studies. A review is necessary to analyze the evidence on
> how convexity affects (1) separation between figure and ground, (2) part
> structure, and (3) attention allocation. Despite some broad agreement on
> the importance of convexity in these areas, there is a lack of consensus
> on the interpretation of specific claims-for example, on the
> contribution of convexity to metric depth and on the automatic directing
> of attention to convexities or to concavities. The focus is on convexity
> and concavity along a 2-D contour, not convexity and concavity in 3-D,
> but the important link between the two is discussed. We conclude that
> there is good evidence for the role of convexity information in
> figure-ground organization and in parsing, but other, more specific
> claims are not (yet) well supported.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 208-227 (Review)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900002
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Neural evidence supports a novel framework for spatial navigation
>
> Authors:
> Chrastil, ER
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):208-227; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The spatial knowledge used for human navigation has traditionally been
> separated into three categories: landmark, route, and survey knowledge.
> While behavioral research has retained this framework, it has become
> increasingly clear from recent neuroimaging studies that such a
> classification system is not adequate for understanding the brain. This
> review proposes a new framework, with a taxonomy based on the cognitive
> processes and subprocesses involved in spatial navigation. The neural
> correlates of spatial memory can inform our understanding of the
> cognitive processes involved in human navigation, and conversely, the
> specific task demands of an experiment can inform the interpretation of
> neuroimaging results. This review examines the neural correlates of each
> cognitive process separately, to provide a closer inspection of each
> component of spatial navigation. While landmark, route, and survey
> knowledge are still important components of human navigation, the neural
> correlates are not neatly ascribed to these three categories. The
> present findings provide motivation for a more detailed examination of
> the cognitive processes engaged during wayfinding.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 228-242 (Review)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900003
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Working memory as internal attention: Toward an integrative account of internal and external selection processes
>
> Authors:
> Kiyonaga, A; Egner, T
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):228-242; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Working memory (WM) and attention have been studied as separate
> cognitive constructs, although it has long been acknowledged that
> attention plays an important role in controlling the activation,
> maintenance, and manipulation of representations in WM. WM has,
> conversely, been thought of as a means of maintaining representations to
> voluntarily guide perceptual selective attention. It has more recently
> been observed, however, that the contents of WM can capture visual
> attention, even when such internally maintained representations are
> irrelevant, and often disruptive, to the immediate external task. Thus,
> the precise relationship between WM and attention remains unclear, but
> it appears that they may bidirectionally impact one another, whether or
> not internal representations are consistent with the external perceptual
> goals. This reciprocal relationship seems, further, to be constrained by
> limited cognitive resources to handle demands in either maintenance or
> selection. We propose here that the close relationship between WM and
> attention may be best described as a give-and-take interdependence
> between attention directed toward either actively maintained internal
> representations (traditionally considered WM) or external perceptual
> stimuli (traditionally considered selective attention), underpinned by
> their shared reliance on a common cognitive resource. Put simply, we
> argue that WM and attention should no longer be considered as separate
> systems or concepts, but as competing and influencing one another
> because they rely on the same limited resource. This framework can offer
> an explanation for the capture of visual attention by irrelevant WM
> contents, as well as a straightforward account of the underspecified
> relationship between WM and attention.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 243-268 (Review)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900004
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Memory mechanisms supporting syntactic comprehension
>
> Authors:
> Caplan, D; Waters, G
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):243-268; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Efforts to characterize the memory system that supports sentence
> comprehension have historically drawn extensively on short-term memory
> as a source of mechanisms that might apply to sentences. The focus of
> these efforts has changed significantly in the past decade. As a result
> of changes in models of short-term working memory (ST-WM) and
> developments in models of sentence comprehension, the effort to relate
> entire components of an ST-WM system, such as those in the model
> developed by Baddeley (Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4: 829-839, 2003) to
> sentence comprehension has largely been replaced by an effort to relate
> more specific mechanisms found in modern models of ST-WM to memory
> processes that support one aspect of sentence comprehension-the
> assignment of syntactic structure (parsing) and its use in determining
> sentence meaning (interpretation) during sentence comprehension. In this
> article, we present the historical background to recent studies of the
> memory mechanisms that support parsing and interpretation and review
> recent research into this relation. We argue that the results of this
> research do not converge on a set of mechanisms derived from ST-WM that
> apply to parsing and interpretation. We argue that the memory mechanisms
> supporting parsing and interpretation have features that characterize
> another memory system that has been postulated to account for skilled
> performance-long-term working memory. We propose a model of the relation
> of different aspects of parsing and interpretation to ST-WM and
> long-term working memory.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 269-273 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900005
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools
>
> Authors:
> De Neys, W; Rossi, S; Houde, O
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):269-273; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Influential work on human thinking suggests that our judgment is often
> biased because we minimize cognitive effort and intuitively substitute
> hard questions by easier ones. A key question is whether or not people
> realize that they are doing this and notice their mistake. Here, we test
> this claim with one of the most publicized examples of the substitution
> bias, the bat-and-ball problem. We designed an isomorphic control
> version in which reasoners experience no intuitive pull to substitute.
> Results show that people are less confident in their substituted,
> erroneous bat-and-ball answer than in their answer on the control
> version that does not give rise to the substitution. Contrary to popular
> belief, this basic finding indicates that biased reasoners are not
> completely oblivious to the substitution and sense that their answer is
> questionable. This calls into question the characterization of the human
> reasoner as a happy fool who blindly answers erroneous questions without
> realizing it.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 274-281 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900006
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Facilitatory priming of scene layout depends on experience with the scene
>
> Authors:
> Sanocki, T
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):274-281; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Facilitatory scene priming is the positive effect of a scene prime on
> the immediately subsequent spatial processing of a related target,
> relative to control primes. In the present experiments, a large set of
> scenes were presented, each several times. The accuracy of a relational
> spatial-layout judgment was the main measure (which of two probes in a
> scene was closer?). The effect of scene primes on sensitivity was near
> zero for the first presentation of a scene; advantages for scene primes
> occurred only after two or three presentations. In addition, a bias
> effect emerged in reaction times for novel scenes. These results imply
> that facilitatory scene priming requires learning and is top-down in
> nature. Scene priming may require the consolidation of interscene
> relations in a memory representation.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 282-288 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900007
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> The time course of attentional deployment in contextual cueing
>
> Authors:
> Jiang, YHV; Sigstad, HM; Swallow, KM
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):282-288; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The time course of attention is a major characteristic on which
> different types of attention diverge. In addition to explicit goals and
> salient stimuli, spatial attention is influenced by past experience. In
> contextual cueing, behaviorally relevant stimuli are more quickly found
> when they appear in a spatial context that has previously been
> encountered than when they appear in a new context. In this study, we
> investigated the time that it takes for contextual cueing to develop
> following the onset of search layout cues. In three experiments,
> participants searched for a T target in an array of Ls. Each array was
> consistently associated with a single target location. In a testing
> phase, we manipulated the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the
> repeated spatial layout and the search display. Contextual cueing was
> equivalent for a wide range of SOAs between 0 and 1,000 ms. The lack of
> an increase in contextual cueing with increasing cue durations suggests
> that as an implicit learning mechanism, contextual cueing cannot be
> effectively used until search begins.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 289-295 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900008
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Replicating distinctive facial features in lineups: identification performance in young versus older adults
>
> Authors:
> Badham, SP; Wade, KA; Watts, HJE; Woods, NG; Maylor, EA
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):289-295; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Criminal suspects with distinctive facial features, such as tattoos or
> bruising, may stand out in a police lineup. To prevent suspects from
> being unfairly identified on the basis of their distinctive feature, the
> police often manipulate lineup images to ensure that all of the members
> appear similar. Recent research shows that replicating a distinctive
> feature across lineup members enhances eyewitness identification
> performance, relative to removing that feature on the target. In line
> with this finding, the present study demonstrated that with young adults
> (n = 60; mean age = 20), replication resulted in more target
> identifications than did removal in target-present lineups and that
> replication did not impair performance, relative to removal, in
> target-absent lineups. Older adults (n = 90; mean age = 74) performed
> significantly worse than young adults, identifying fewer targets and
> more foils; moreover, older adults showed a minimal benefit from
> replication over removal. This pattern is consistent with the
> associative deficit hypothesis of aging, such that older adults form
> weaker links between faces and their distinctive features. Although
> replication did not produce much benefit over removal for older adults,
> it was not detrimental to their performance. Therefore, the results
> suggest that replication may not be as beneficial to older adults as it
> is to young adults and demonstrate a new practical implication of
> age-related associative deficits in memory.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 296-301 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900009
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Active suppression after involuntary capture of attention
>
> Authors:
> Sawaki, R; Luck, SJ
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):296-301; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> After attention has been involuntarily captured by a distractor, how is
> it reoriented toward a target? One possibility is that attention to the
> distractor passively fades over time, allowing the target to become
> attended. Another possibility is that the captured location is actively
> suppressed so that attention can be directed toward the target location.
> The present study investigated this issue with event-related potentials
> (ERPs), focusing on the N2pc component (a neural measure of attentional
> deployment) and the Pd component (a neural measure of attentional
> suppression). Observers identified a color-defined target in a search
> array, which was preceded by a task-irrelevant cue array. When the cue
> array contained an item that matched the target color, this item
> captured attention (as measured both behaviorally and with the N2pc
> component). This capture of attention was followed by active suppression
> (indexed by the Pd component), and this was then followed by a
> reorienting of attention toward the target in the search array (indexed
> by the N2pc component). These findings indicate that the involuntary
> capture of attention by a distractor is followed by an active
> suppression process that presumably facilitates the subsequent voluntary
> orienting of attention to the target.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 302-309 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900010
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Magnitude effects for experienced rewards at short delays in the escalating interest task
>
> Authors:
> Young, ME; Webb, TL; Sutherland, SC; Jacobs, EA
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):302-309; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> A first-person shooter video game was adapted for the study of choice
> between smaller sooner and larger later rewards. Participants chose when
> to fire a weapon that increased in damage potential over a short
> interval. When the delay to maximum damage was shorter (5-8 s), people
> showed greater sensitivity to the consequences of their choices than
> when the delay was longer (17-20 s). Participants also evidenced a
> magnitude effect by waiting proportionally longer when the damage
> magnitudes were doubled for all rewards. The experiment replicated the
> standard magnitude effect with this new video game preparation over time
> scales similar to those typically used in nonhuman animal studies and
> without complications due to satiation or cost.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 310-317 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900011
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Challenging prior evidence for a shared syntactic processor for language and music
>
> Authors:
> Perruchet, P; Poulin-Charronnat, B
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):310-317; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> A theoretical landmark in the growing literature comparing language and
> music is the shared syntactic integration resource hypothesis (SSIRH;
> e.g., Patel, 2008), which posits that the successful processing of
> linguistic and musical materials relies, at least partially, on the
> mastery of a common syntactic processor. Supporting the SSIRH, Slevc,
> Rosenberg, and Patel (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 16(2):374-381, 2009)
> recently reported data showing enhanced syntactic garden path effects
> when the sentences were paired with syntactically unexpected chords,
> whereas the musical manipulation had no reliable effect on the
> processing of semantic violations. The present experiment replicated
> Slevc et al.'s (2009) procedure, except that syntactic garden paths were
> replaced with semantic garden paths. We observed the very same
> interactive pattern of results. These findings suggest that the element
> underpinning interactions is the garden path configuration, rather than
> the implication of an alleged syntactic module. We suggest that a
> different amount of attentional resources is recruited to process each
> type of linguistic manipulations, hence modulating the resources left
> available for the processing of music and, consequently, the effects of
> musical violations.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 318-325 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900012
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Source accuracy data reveal the thresholded nature of human episodic memory
>
> Authors:
> Harlow, IM; Donaldson, DI
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):318-325; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Episodic recollection supports conscious retrieval of past events. It is
> unknown why recollected memories are often vivid, but at other times we
> struggle to remember. Such experiences might reflect a recollection
> threshold: Either the threshold is exceeded and information is
> retrieved, or recollection fails completely. Alternatively, retrieval
> failure could reflect weak memory: Recollection could behave as a
> continuous signal, always yielding some variable degree of information.
> Here we reconcile these views, using a novel source memory task that
> measures retrieval accuracy directly. We show that recollection is
> thresholded, such that retrieval sometimes simply fails. Our technique
> clarifies a fundamental property of memory and allows responses to be
> accurately measured, without recourse to subjective introspection. These
> findings raise new questions about how successful retrieval is
> determined and why it declines with age and disease.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 326-333 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900013
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Hierarchical modeling of contingency-based source monitoring: A test of the probability-matching account
>
> Authors:
> Arnold, NR; Bayen, UJ; Kuhlmann, BG; Vaterrodt, B
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):326-333; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> According to the probability-matching account of source guessing
> (Spaniol & Bayen, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,
> and Cognition 28:631-651, 2002), when people do not remember the source
> of an item in a source-monitoring task, they match the source-guessing
> probabilities to the perceived contingencies between sources and item
> types. In a source-monitoring experiment, half of the items presented by
> each of two sources were consistent with schematic expectations about
> this source, whereas the other half of the items were consistent with
> schematic expectations about the other source. Participants' source
> schemas were activated either at the time of encoding or just before the
> source-monitoring test. After test, the participants judged the
> contingency of the item type and source. Individual parameter estimates
> of source guessing were obtained via beta-multinomial processing tree
> modeling (beta-MPT; Smith & Batchelder, Journal of Mathematical
> Psychology 54:167-183, 2010). We found a significant correlation between
> the perceived contingency and source guessing, as well as a correlation
> between the deviation of the guessing bias from the true contingency and
> source memory when participants did not receive the schema information
> until retrieval. These findings support the probability-matching
> account.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 334-340 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900014
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> The role of verbal short-term memory in task selection: How articulatory suppression influences task choice in voluntary task switching
>
> Authors:
> Weywadt, CRB; Butler, KM
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):334-340; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The roles of verbal short-term memory (vSTM) in task selection and task
> performance processes were examined when individuals were asked to
> voluntarily choose which of two tasks to perform on each trial randomly.
> Consistent with previous voluntary task-switching (VTS) research, we
> hypothesized that vSTM would support random task selection by
> maintaining a sequence of previously executed tasks that would be used
> by a representativeness heuristic. Furthermore, because using a
> representativeness heuristic requires sufficient time for updating and
> comparison processes, we expected that vSTM would have a greater effect
> on task selection when more time was available. Participants completed
> VTS under concurrent articulatory suppression and foot tapping at short
> and long response-to-stimulus intervals (RSIs). Task selection in VTS
> was more repetitive under suppression than under foot tapping, but this
> effect did not vary with RSI, suggesting that vSTM does not maintain the
> sequence of executed tasks to guide task selection. Instead, vSTM is
> critical for maintaining the intended task and ensuring that it is
> carried out. In contrast to the finding that a working memory load
> impairs task performance, we found no difference in reaction times and
> no switch costs between suppression and foot-tapping conditions,
> suggesting that vSTM is not critical for task performance.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 341-347 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900015
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> The roles of working memory and intervening task difficulty in determining the benefits of repetition
>
> Authors:
> Bui, DC; Maddox, GB; Balota, DA
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):341-347; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Memory is better when learning events are spaced, as compared with
> massed (i.e., the spacing effect). Recent theories posit that retrieval
> of an item's earlier presentation contributes to the spacing effect,
> which suggests that individual differences in the ability to retrieve an
> earlier event may influence the benefit of spaced repetition. The
> present study examined (1) the difficulty of task demands between
> repetitions, which should modulate the ability to retrieve the earlier
> information, and (2) individual differences in working memory in a
> spaced repetition paradigm. Across two experiments, participants studied
> a word set twice, each separated by an interval where duration was held
> constant, and the difficulty of the intervening task was manipulated.
> After a short retention interval following the second presentation,
> participants recalled the word set. Those who scored high on working
> memory measures benefited more from repeated study than did those who
> scored lower on working memory measures, regardless of task difficulty.
> Critically, a crossover interaction was observed between working memory
> and intervening task difficulty: Individuals with low working memory
> scores benefited more when task difficulty was easy than when it was
> difficult, but individuals with high working memory scores produced the
> opposite effect. These results suggest that individual differences in
> working memory should be considered in optimizing the benefits of
> repetition learning.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 348-355 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900016
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> The benefit of forgetting
>
> Authors:
> Williams, M; Hong, SW; Kang, MS; Carlisle, NB; Woodman, GF
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):348-355; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Recent research using change-detection tasks has shown that a
> directed-forgetting cue, indicating that a subset of the information
> stored in memory can be forgotten, significantly benefits the other
> information stored in visual working memory. How do these
> directed-forgetting cues aid the memory representations that are
> retained? We addressed this question in the present study by using a
> recall paradigm to measure the nature of the retained memory
> representations. Our results demonstrated that a directed-forgetting cue
> leads to higher-fidelity representations of the remaining items and a
> lower probability of dropping these representations from memory. Next,
> we showed that this is made possible by the to-be-forgotten item being
> expelled from visual working memory following the cue, allowing
> maintenance mechanisms to be focused on only the items that remain in
> visual working memory. Thus, the present findings show that cues to
> forget benefit the remaining information in visual working memory by
> fundamentally improving their quality relative to conditions in which
> just as many items are encoded but no cue is provided.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 356-363 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900017
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Self-regulated learning of a natural category: Do people interleave or block exemplars during study?
>
> Authors:
> Tauber, SK; Dunlosky, J; Rawson, KA; Wahlheim, CN; Jacoby, LL
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):356-363; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Despite decades of research focused on the representation of concepts,
> little is known about the influence of self-regulatory processes when
> learning natural categories. Such work is vital, as many contexts
> require self-regulation when we form complex concepts. Previous research
> has demonstrated that interleaving, as compared to blocking, can improve
> classification. Thus, as an initial step to explore self-regulated
> learning of natural concepts, we evaluated whether people chose to block
> or interleave their practice. According to the search-for-differences
> hypothesis, people attempt to identify features of birds that
> distinguish one category (i.e., bird family) from another, and hence
> should interleave their study. According to the search-for-similarities
> hypothesis, people attempt to identify features that indicate inclusion
> into a single category, and hence are expected to block their study. To
> evaluate these hypotheses, we had participants learn exemplar birds
> (e.g., Song Sparrow) with their respective bird families (e.g., Sparrow)
> by selecting the order in which to study bird families. Across four
> experiments, different formats for selecting exemplars for study were
> used, so as to provide converging evidence for how participants
> regulated their learning. Participants overwhelmingly preferred to block
> their study, even though interleaving is normatively better for
> learning.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 364-371 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900018
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Heterogeneity of strategy use in the Iowa gambling task: A comparison of win-stay/lose-shift and reinforcement learning models
>
> Authors:
> Worthy, DA; Hawthorne, MJ; Otto, AR
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):364-371; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The Iowa gambling task (IGT) has been used in numerous studies, often to
> examine decision-making performance in different clinical populations.
> Reinforcement learning (RL) models such as the expectancy valence (EV)
> model have often been used to characterize choice behavior in this work,
> and accordingly, parameter differences from these models have been used
> to examine differences in decision-making processes between different
> populations. These RL models assume a strategy whereby participants
> incrementally update the expected rewards for each option and
> probabilistically select options with higher expected rewards. Here we
> show that a formal model that assumes a win-stay/lose-shift (WSLS)
> strategy-which is sensitive only to the outcome of the previous
> choice-provides the best fit to IGT data from about half of our sample
> of healthy young adults, and that a prospect valence learning (PVL)
> model that utilizes a decay reinforcement learning rule provides the
> best fit to the other half of the data. Further analyses suggested that
> the better fits of the WSLS model to many participants' data were not
> due to an enhanced ability of the WSLS model to mimic the RL strategy
> assumed by the PVL and EV models. These results suggest that WSLS is a
> common strategy in the IGT and that both heuristic-based and RL-based
> models should be used to inform decision-making behavior in the IGT and
> similar choice tasks.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 372-377 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900019
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Automatic activation of attribute knowledge in heuristic inference from memory
>
> Authors:
> Khader, PH; Pachur, T; Jost, K
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):372-377; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> In memory-based decision making, people often rely on simple heuristics
> such as take-the-best (TTB; Gigerenzer & Goldstein, Psychological
> Review, 103, 650-669, 1996), which processes information about the
> alternatives sequentially and stops processing as soon as a decision can
> be made. In this article, we examine the memory processes associated
> with TTB-in particular, to what degree the selective memory retrieval of
> relevant information required by TTB is accompanied by automatic
> activation of associated but irrelevant information. To address this
> question, we studied the fan effect (Anderson, Cognitive Psychology, 6,
> 451-474, 1974), which is assumed to arise from automatic spread of
> activation, in inferences from memory. Participants were instructed to
> use TTB when making decisions about objects on the basis of previously
> memorized attribute information. Both the number of attributes required
> by TTB and the number of attributes associated with an object (i.e., fan
> level) were manipulated. As it turned out, response times and the
> correct execution of TTB were a function not only of the number of
> required attributes, but also of the number of associated attributes.
> This suggests that information that TTB "ignores" is nevertheless
> activated in memory.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 378-384 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900020
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Contributions of beliefs and processing fluency to the effect of relatedness on judgments of learning
>
> Authors:
> Mueller, ML; Tauber, SK; Dunlosky, J
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):378-384; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Discovering how people judge their memories has been a major issue for
> metacognitive research for over 4 decades; many factors have been
> discovered that affect people's judgments, but exactly how those effects
> are mediated is poorly understood. For instance, the effect of word pair
> relatedness on judgments of learning (JOLs) has been repeatedly
> demonstrated, yet the underlying basis of this substantial effect is
> currently unknown. Thus, in three experiments, we assessed the
> contribution of beliefs and processing fluency. In Experiment 1,
> participants studied related and unrelated word pairs and made either
> prestudy JOLs or immediate JOLs. Participants gave higher estimates for
> related than for unrelated pairs, suggesting that participants' beliefs
> at least partially drive the relatedness effect on JOLs. Next, we
> evaluated the contribution of processing fluency to the relatedness
> effect either (1) by disrupting fluency by presenting half the pairs in
> an aLtErNaTiNg format (Experiment 2) or (2) by measuring how fluently
> participants processed pairs at study and statistically estimating the
> degree to which conceptual fluency mediated the effects of relatedness
> on JOLs (Experiment 3). Results from both experiments indicated that
> fluency contributes minimally to the relatedness effect. Taken together,
> these results indicate that people's beliefs about how relatedness
> influences memory are responsible for mediating the relationship between
> relatedness and JOLs. In general, empirically establishing what mediates
> the effects of other factors on people's judgments remains a major
> agenda for advancing theory of metacognitive monitoring.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 385-390 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900021
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Guilt by association and honor by association: The role of acquired equivalence
>
> Authors:
> Molet, M; Stagner, JP; Miller, HC; Kosinski, T; Zentall, TR
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):385-390; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Guilt by association and honor by association are two types of judgments
> that suggest that a negative or positive quality of a person or object
> can transfer to another person or object, merely by co-occurrence. Most
> examples have been demonstrated under conditions of direct associations.
> Here, we provide experimental evidence of guilt by association and honor
> by association via indirect associations. We show that participants may
> treat two individuals alike if they have been separately paired with a
> common event using an acquired-equivalence paradigm. Our findings
> suggest that association fallacies can be examined using a paradigm
> originally developed for research with nonhuman animals and based on a
> representation mediation account.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 391-399 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900022
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Examining mental simulations of uncertain events
>
> Authors:
> Ferguson, HJ; Tresh, M; Leblond, J
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):391-399; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> A great deal of research into the experiential nature of language has
> demonstrated that our understanding of events is facilitated through
> mental simulations of the described linguistic input. However, to date
> little is understood about how contextual uncertainty about the
> described event might influence the content and strength of these mental
> representations or the cognitive effort involved. In this article, we
> report a single experiment in which participants read sentences such as
> "The old lady [knows/thinks] that the picnic basket is open." Following
> a delay of 250 or 1,500 ms, they responded to pictures that varied in
> the physical form of the target object (matching vs. mismatching).
> Results revealed an expected facilitation effect for matching images,
> but more important, they also showed interference effects (longer
> reaction times) at the shorter interstimulus interval (ISI; 250 ms)
> following the uncertain verb thinks, as compared with the certain verb
> knows. At the longer ISI, this effect was no longer present. This
> suggests that at the short ISI, uncertain conditions required extra time
> to construct and map a simulation of events onto the available image.
> Results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms involved in
> representing possible events and with reference to related literature on
> perspective taking.
>
>
Article: 50 Human Brain Ideas You Really Need to Know | Mo Costandi
50 Human Brain Ideas You Really Need to Know | Mo Costandi
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/neurophilosophy/2013/mar/28/50-human-brain-ideas
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Tuesday, March 26, 2013
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Scholar Alert: New citations to my articles
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and weakness across various cognitive abilities. The current study addresses the ...A cross-battery, reference variable, confirmatory factor analytic investigation of the CHC taxonomy
MR Reynolds, TZ Keith, DP Flanagan, VC Alfonso - Journal of School Psychology, 2013Abstract The Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) taxonomy has been used to classify and describe
human cognitive abilities. The ability factors derived from the CHC taxonomy are often
assumed to be invariant across multiple populations and intelligence batteries, which is ...Family Inventory of Resources and Stressors: Further Examination of the Psychometric Properties
MA Cassidy, EC Lawrence, CG Vierbuchen, T Konold - Marriage & Family Review, 2013To understand and fully incorporate low-income, multiproblem families into treatment,
clinicians need a comprehensive yet efficient assessment tool that addresses both family
resources and stressors and privileges the family's voice. The Family Inventory of ...Is oral/text reading fluency a "bridge" to reading comprehension?
YS Kim, CH Park, RK Wagner - Reading and WritingAbstract In the present study we investigated developmental relations among word reading
fluency, listening comprehension, and text reading fluency to reading comprehension in a
relatively transparent language, Korean. A total of 98 kindergartners and 170 first graders ...Interpreting the g loadings of intelligence test composite scores in light of Spearman's law of diminishing returns.
MR Reynolds - School psychology quarterly: the official journal of the …, 2013The linear loadings of intelligence test composite scores on a general factor (g) have been
investigated recently in factor analytic studies. Spearman's law of diminishing returns
(SLODR), however, implies that the g loadings of test scores likely decrease in magnitude ...