Journal Alert - PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW

> Title:
> Processing convexity and concavity along a 2-D contour: figure-ground, structural shape, and attention
>
> Authors:
> Bertamini, M; Wagemans, J
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):191-207; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Interest in convexity has a long history in vision science. For smooth
> contours in an image, it is possible to code regions of positive
> (convex) and negative (concave) curvature, and this provides useful
> information about solid shape. We review a large body of evidence on the
> role of this information in perception of shape and in attention. This
> includes evidence from behavioral, neurophysiological, imaging, and
> developmental studies. A review is necessary to analyze the evidence on
> how convexity affects (1) separation between figure and ground, (2) part
> structure, and (3) attention allocation. Despite some broad agreement on
> the importance of convexity in these areas, there is a lack of consensus
> on the interpretation of specific claims-for example, on the
> contribution of convexity to metric depth and on the automatic directing
> of attention to convexities or to concavities. The focus is on convexity
> and concavity along a 2-D contour, not convexity and concavity in 3-D,
> but the important link between the two is discussed. We conclude that
> there is good evidence for the role of convexity information in
> figure-ground organization and in parsing, but other, more specific
> claims are not (yet) well supported.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 208-227 (Review)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900002
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>
> Title:
> Neural evidence supports a novel framework for spatial navigation
>
> Authors:
> Chrastil, ER
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):208-227; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The spatial knowledge used for human navigation has traditionally been
> separated into three categories: landmark, route, and survey knowledge.
> While behavioral research has retained this framework, it has become
> increasingly clear from recent neuroimaging studies that such a
> classification system is not adequate for understanding the brain. This
> review proposes a new framework, with a taxonomy based on the cognitive
> processes and subprocesses involved in spatial navigation. The neural
> correlates of spatial memory can inform our understanding of the
> cognitive processes involved in human navigation, and conversely, the
> specific task demands of an experiment can inform the interpretation of
> neuroimaging results. This review examines the neural correlates of each
> cognitive process separately, to provide a closer inspection of each
> component of spatial navigation. While landmark, route, and survey
> knowledge are still important components of human navigation, the neural
> correlates are not neatly ascribed to these three categories. The
> present findings provide motivation for a more detailed examination of
> the cognitive processes engaged during wayfinding.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 228-242 (Review)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900003
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>
> Title:
> Working memory as internal attention: Toward an integrative account of internal and external selection processes
>
> Authors:
> Kiyonaga, A; Egner, T
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):228-242; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Working memory (WM) and attention have been studied as separate
> cognitive constructs, although it has long been acknowledged that
> attention plays an important role in controlling the activation,
> maintenance, and manipulation of representations in WM. WM has,
> conversely, been thought of as a means of maintaining representations to
> voluntarily guide perceptual selective attention. It has more recently
> been observed, however, that the contents of WM can capture visual
> attention, even when such internally maintained representations are
> irrelevant, and often disruptive, to the immediate external task. Thus,
> the precise relationship between WM and attention remains unclear, but
> it appears that they may bidirectionally impact one another, whether or
> not internal representations are consistent with the external perceptual
> goals. This reciprocal relationship seems, further, to be constrained by
> limited cognitive resources to handle demands in either maintenance or
> selection. We propose here that the close relationship between WM and
> attention may be best described as a give-and-take interdependence
> between attention directed toward either actively maintained internal
> representations (traditionally considered WM) or external perceptual
> stimuli (traditionally considered selective attention), underpinned by
> their shared reliance on a common cognitive resource. Put simply, we
> argue that WM and attention should no longer be considered as separate
> systems or concepts, but as competing and influencing one another
> because they rely on the same limited resource. This framework can offer
> an explanation for the capture of visual attention by irrelevant WM
> contents, as well as a straightforward account of the underspecified
> relationship between WM and attention.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 243-268 (Review)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900004
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>
> Title:
> Memory mechanisms supporting syntactic comprehension
>
> Authors:
> Caplan, D; Waters, G
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):243-268; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Efforts to characterize the memory system that supports sentence
> comprehension have historically drawn extensively on short-term memory
> as a source of mechanisms that might apply to sentences. The focus of
> these efforts has changed significantly in the past decade. As a result
> of changes in models of short-term working memory (ST-WM) and
> developments in models of sentence comprehension, the effort to relate
> entire components of an ST-WM system, such as those in the model
> developed by Baddeley (Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4: 829-839, 2003) to
> sentence comprehension has largely been replaced by an effort to relate
> more specific mechanisms found in modern models of ST-WM to memory
> processes that support one aspect of sentence comprehension-the
> assignment of syntactic structure (parsing) and its use in determining
> sentence meaning (interpretation) during sentence comprehension. In this
> article, we present the historical background to recent studies of the
> memory mechanisms that support parsing and interpretation and review
> recent research into this relation. We argue that the results of this
> research do not converge on a set of mechanisms derived from ST-WM that
> apply to parsing and interpretation. We argue that the memory mechanisms
> supporting parsing and interpretation have features that characterize
> another memory system that has been postulated to account for skilled
> performance-long-term working memory. We propose a model of the relation
> of different aspects of parsing and interpretation to ST-WM and
> long-term working memory.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 269-273 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900005
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>
> Title:
> Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools
>
> Authors:
> De Neys, W; Rossi, S; Houde, O
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):269-273; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Influential work on human thinking suggests that our judgment is often
> biased because we minimize cognitive effort and intuitively substitute
> hard questions by easier ones. A key question is whether or not people
> realize that they are doing this and notice their mistake. Here, we test
> this claim with one of the most publicized examples of the substitution
> bias, the bat-and-ball problem. We designed an isomorphic control
> version in which reasoners experience no intuitive pull to substitute.
> Results show that people are less confident in their substituted,
> erroneous bat-and-ball answer than in their answer on the control
> version that does not give rise to the substitution. Contrary to popular
> belief, this basic finding indicates that biased reasoners are not
> completely oblivious to the substitution and sense that their answer is
> questionable. This calls into question the characterization of the human
> reasoner as a happy fool who blindly answers erroneous questions without
> realizing it.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 274-281 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900006
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>
> Title:
> Facilitatory priming of scene layout depends on experience with the scene
>
> Authors:
> Sanocki, T
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):274-281; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Facilitatory scene priming is the positive effect of a scene prime on
> the immediately subsequent spatial processing of a related target,
> relative to control primes. In the present experiments, a large set of
> scenes were presented, each several times. The accuracy of a relational
> spatial-layout judgment was the main measure (which of two probes in a
> scene was closer?). The effect of scene primes on sensitivity was near
> zero for the first presentation of a scene; advantages for scene primes
> occurred only after two or three presentations. In addition, a bias
> effect emerged in reaction times for novel scenes. These results imply
> that facilitatory scene priming requires learning and is top-down in
> nature. Scene priming may require the consolidation of interscene
> relations in a memory representation.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 282-288 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900007
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>
> Title:
> The time course of attentional deployment in contextual cueing
>
> Authors:
> Jiang, YHV; Sigstad, HM; Swallow, KM
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):282-288; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The time course of attention is a major characteristic on which
> different types of attention diverge. In addition to explicit goals and
> salient stimuli, spatial attention is influenced by past experience. In
> contextual cueing, behaviorally relevant stimuli are more quickly found
> when they appear in a spatial context that has previously been
> encountered than when they appear in a new context. In this study, we
> investigated the time that it takes for contextual cueing to develop
> following the onset of search layout cues. In three experiments,
> participants searched for a T target in an array of Ls. Each array was
> consistently associated with a single target location. In a testing
> phase, we manipulated the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the
> repeated spatial layout and the search display. Contextual cueing was
> equivalent for a wide range of SOAs between 0 and 1,000 ms. The lack of
> an increase in contextual cueing with increasing cue durations suggests
> that as an implicit learning mechanism, contextual cueing cannot be
> effectively used until search begins.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 289-295 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900008
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>
> Title:
> Replicating distinctive facial features in lineups: identification performance in young versus older adults
>
> Authors:
> Badham, SP; Wade, KA; Watts, HJE; Woods, NG; Maylor, EA
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):289-295; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Criminal suspects with distinctive facial features, such as tattoos or
> bruising, may stand out in a police lineup. To prevent suspects from
> being unfairly identified on the basis of their distinctive feature, the
> police often manipulate lineup images to ensure that all of the members
> appear similar. Recent research shows that replicating a distinctive
> feature across lineup members enhances eyewitness identification
> performance, relative to removing that feature on the target. In line
> with this finding, the present study demonstrated that with young adults
> (n = 60; mean age = 20), replication resulted in more target
> identifications than did removal in target-present lineups and that
> replication did not impair performance, relative to removal, in
> target-absent lineups. Older adults (n = 90; mean age = 74) performed
> significantly worse than young adults, identifying fewer targets and
> more foils; moreover, older adults showed a minimal benefit from
> replication over removal. This pattern is consistent with the
> associative deficit hypothesis of aging, such that older adults form
> weaker links between faces and their distinctive features. Although
> replication did not produce much benefit over removal for older adults,
> it was not detrimental to their performance. Therefore, the results
> suggest that replication may not be as beneficial to older adults as it
> is to young adults and demonstrate a new practical implication of
> age-related associative deficits in memory.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 296-301 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900009
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>
> Title:
> Active suppression after involuntary capture of attention
>
> Authors:
> Sawaki, R; Luck, SJ
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):296-301; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> After attention has been involuntarily captured by a distractor, how is
> it reoriented toward a target? One possibility is that attention to the
> distractor passively fades over time, allowing the target to become
> attended. Another possibility is that the captured location is actively
> suppressed so that attention can be directed toward the target location.
> The present study investigated this issue with event-related potentials
> (ERPs), focusing on the N2pc component (a neural measure of attentional
> deployment) and the Pd component (a neural measure of attentional
> suppression). Observers identified a color-defined target in a search
> array, which was preceded by a task-irrelevant cue array. When the cue
> array contained an item that matched the target color, this item
> captured attention (as measured both behaviorally and with the N2pc
> component). This capture of attention was followed by active suppression
> (indexed by the Pd component), and this was then followed by a
> reorienting of attention toward the target in the search array (indexed
> by the N2pc component). These findings indicate that the involuntary
> capture of attention by a distractor is followed by an active
> suppression process that presumably facilitates the subsequent voluntary
> orienting of attention to the target.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 302-309 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900010
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>
> Title:
> Magnitude effects for experienced rewards at short delays in the escalating interest task
>
> Authors:
> Young, ME; Webb, TL; Sutherland, SC; Jacobs, EA
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):302-309; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> A first-person shooter video game was adapted for the study of choice
> between smaller sooner and larger later rewards. Participants chose when
> to fire a weapon that increased in damage potential over a short
> interval. When the delay to maximum damage was shorter (5-8 s), people
> showed greater sensitivity to the consequences of their choices than
> when the delay was longer (17-20 s). Participants also evidenced a
> magnitude effect by waiting proportionally longer when the damage
> magnitudes were doubled for all rewards. The experiment replicated the
> standard magnitude effect with this new video game preparation over time
> scales similar to those typically used in nonhuman animal studies and
> without complications due to satiation or cost.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 310-317 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900011
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>
> Title:
> Challenging prior evidence for a shared syntactic processor for language and music
>
> Authors:
> Perruchet, P; Poulin-Charronnat, B
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):310-317; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> A theoretical landmark in the growing literature comparing language and
> music is the shared syntactic integration resource hypothesis (SSIRH;
> e.g., Patel, 2008), which posits that the successful processing of
> linguistic and musical materials relies, at least partially, on the
> mastery of a common syntactic processor. Supporting the SSIRH, Slevc,
> Rosenberg, and Patel (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 16(2):374-381, 2009)
> recently reported data showing enhanced syntactic garden path effects
> when the sentences were paired with syntactically unexpected chords,
> whereas the musical manipulation had no reliable effect on the
> processing of semantic violations. The present experiment replicated
> Slevc et al.'s (2009) procedure, except that syntactic garden paths were
> replaced with semantic garden paths. We observed the very same
> interactive pattern of results. These findings suggest that the element
> underpinning interactions is the garden path configuration, rather than
> the implication of an alleged syntactic module. We suggest that a
> different amount of attentional resources is recruited to process each
> type of linguistic manipulations, hence modulating the resources left
> available for the processing of music and, consequently, the effects of
> musical violations.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 318-325 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900012
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>
> Title:
> Source accuracy data reveal the thresholded nature of human episodic memory
>
> Authors:
> Harlow, IM; Donaldson, DI
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):318-325; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Episodic recollection supports conscious retrieval of past events. It is
> unknown why recollected memories are often vivid, but at other times we
> struggle to remember. Such experiences might reflect a recollection
> threshold: Either the threshold is exceeded and information is
> retrieved, or recollection fails completely. Alternatively, retrieval
> failure could reflect weak memory: Recollection could behave as a
> continuous signal, always yielding some variable degree of information.
> Here we reconcile these views, using a novel source memory task that
> measures retrieval accuracy directly. We show that recollection is
> thresholded, such that retrieval sometimes simply fails. Our technique
> clarifies a fundamental property of memory and allows responses to be
> accurately measured, without recourse to subjective introspection. These
> findings raise new questions about how successful retrieval is
> determined and why it declines with age and disease.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 326-333 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900013
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Hierarchical modeling of contingency-based source monitoring: A test of the probability-matching account
>
> Authors:
> Arnold, NR; Bayen, UJ; Kuhlmann, BG; Vaterrodt, B
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):326-333; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> According to the probability-matching account of source guessing
> (Spaniol & Bayen, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,
> and Cognition 28:631-651, 2002), when people do not remember the source
> of an item in a source-monitoring task, they match the source-guessing
> probabilities to the perceived contingencies between sources and item
> types. In a source-monitoring experiment, half of the items presented by
> each of two sources were consistent with schematic expectations about
> this source, whereas the other half of the items were consistent with
> schematic expectations about the other source. Participants' source
> schemas were activated either at the time of encoding or just before the
> source-monitoring test. After test, the participants judged the
> contingency of the item type and source. Individual parameter estimates
> of source guessing were obtained via beta-multinomial processing tree
> modeling (beta-MPT; Smith & Batchelder, Journal of Mathematical
> Psychology 54:167-183, 2010). We found a significant correlation between
> the perceived contingency and source guessing, as well as a correlation
> between the deviation of the guessing bias from the true contingency and
> source memory when participants did not receive the schema information
> until retrieval. These findings support the probability-matching
> account.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 334-340 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900014
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> The role of verbal short-term memory in task selection: How articulatory suppression influences task choice in voluntary task switching
>
> Authors:
> Weywadt, CRB; Butler, KM
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):334-340; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The roles of verbal short-term memory (vSTM) in task selection and task
> performance processes were examined when individuals were asked to
> voluntarily choose which of two tasks to perform on each trial randomly.
> Consistent with previous voluntary task-switching (VTS) research, we
> hypothesized that vSTM would support random task selection by
> maintaining a sequence of previously executed tasks that would be used
> by a representativeness heuristic. Furthermore, because using a
> representativeness heuristic requires sufficient time for updating and
> comparison processes, we expected that vSTM would have a greater effect
> on task selection when more time was available. Participants completed
> VTS under concurrent articulatory suppression and foot tapping at short
> and long response-to-stimulus intervals (RSIs). Task selection in VTS
> was more repetitive under suppression than under foot tapping, but this
> effect did not vary with RSI, suggesting that vSTM does not maintain the
> sequence of executed tasks to guide task selection. Instead, vSTM is
> critical for maintaining the intended task and ensuring that it is
> carried out. In contrast to the finding that a working memory load
> impairs task performance, we found no difference in reaction times and
> no switch costs between suppression and foot-tapping conditions,
> suggesting that vSTM is not critical for task performance.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 341-347 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900015
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> The roles of working memory and intervening task difficulty in determining the benefits of repetition
>
> Authors:
> Bui, DC; Maddox, GB; Balota, DA
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):341-347; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Memory is better when learning events are spaced, as compared with
> massed (i.e., the spacing effect). Recent theories posit that retrieval
> of an item's earlier presentation contributes to the spacing effect,
> which suggests that individual differences in the ability to retrieve an
> earlier event may influence the benefit of spaced repetition. The
> present study examined (1) the difficulty of task demands between
> repetitions, which should modulate the ability to retrieve the earlier
> information, and (2) individual differences in working memory in a
> spaced repetition paradigm. Across two experiments, participants studied
> a word set twice, each separated by an interval where duration was held
> constant, and the difficulty of the intervening task was manipulated.
> After a short retention interval following the second presentation,
> participants recalled the word set. Those who scored high on working
> memory measures benefited more from repeated study than did those who
> scored lower on working memory measures, regardless of task difficulty.
> Critically, a crossover interaction was observed between working memory
> and intervening task difficulty: Individuals with low working memory
> scores benefited more when task difficulty was easy than when it was
> difficult, but individuals with high working memory scores produced the
> opposite effect. These results suggest that individual differences in
> working memory should be considered in optimizing the benefits of
> repetition learning.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 348-355 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900016
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> The benefit of forgetting
>
> Authors:
> Williams, M; Hong, SW; Kang, MS; Carlisle, NB; Woodman, GF
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):348-355; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Recent research using change-detection tasks has shown that a
> directed-forgetting cue, indicating that a subset of the information
> stored in memory can be forgotten, significantly benefits the other
> information stored in visual working memory. How do these
> directed-forgetting cues aid the memory representations that are
> retained? We addressed this question in the present study by using a
> recall paradigm to measure the nature of the retained memory
> representations. Our results demonstrated that a directed-forgetting cue
> leads to higher-fidelity representations of the remaining items and a
> lower probability of dropping these representations from memory. Next,
> we showed that this is made possible by the to-be-forgotten item being
> expelled from visual working memory following the cue, allowing
> maintenance mechanisms to be focused on only the items that remain in
> visual working memory. Thus, the present findings show that cues to
> forget benefit the remaining information in visual working memory by
> fundamentally improving their quality relative to conditions in which
> just as many items are encoded but no cue is provided.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 356-363 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900017
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Self-regulated learning of a natural category: Do people interleave or block exemplars during study?
>
> Authors:
> Tauber, SK; Dunlosky, J; Rawson, KA; Wahlheim, CN; Jacoby, LL
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):356-363; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Despite decades of research focused on the representation of concepts,
> little is known about the influence of self-regulatory processes when
> learning natural categories. Such work is vital, as many contexts
> require self-regulation when we form complex concepts. Previous research
> has demonstrated that interleaving, as compared to blocking, can improve
> classification. Thus, as an initial step to explore self-regulated
> learning of natural concepts, we evaluated whether people chose to block
> or interleave their practice. According to the search-for-differences
> hypothesis, people attempt to identify features of birds that
> distinguish one category (i.e., bird family) from another, and hence
> should interleave their study. According to the search-for-similarities
> hypothesis, people attempt to identify features that indicate inclusion
> into a single category, and hence are expected to block their study. To
> evaluate these hypotheses, we had participants learn exemplar birds
> (e.g., Song Sparrow) with their respective bird families (e.g., Sparrow)
> by selecting the order in which to study bird families. Across four
> experiments, different formats for selecting exemplars for study were
> used, so as to provide converging evidence for how participants
> regulated their learning. Participants overwhelmingly preferred to block
> their study, even though interleaving is normatively better for
> learning.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 364-371 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900018
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Heterogeneity of strategy use in the Iowa gambling task: A comparison of win-stay/lose-shift and reinforcement learning models
>
> Authors:
> Worthy, DA; Hawthorne, MJ; Otto, AR
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):364-371; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The Iowa gambling task (IGT) has been used in numerous studies, often to
> examine decision-making performance in different clinical populations.
> Reinforcement learning (RL) models such as the expectancy valence (EV)
> model have often been used to characterize choice behavior in this work,
> and accordingly, parameter differences from these models have been used
> to examine differences in decision-making processes between different
> populations. These RL models assume a strategy whereby participants
> incrementally update the expected rewards for each option and
> probabilistically select options with higher expected rewards. Here we
> show that a formal model that assumes a win-stay/lose-shift (WSLS)
> strategy-which is sensitive only to the outcome of the previous
> choice-provides the best fit to IGT data from about half of our sample
> of healthy young adults, and that a prospect valence learning (PVL)
> model that utilizes a decay reinforcement learning rule provides the
> best fit to the other half of the data. Further analyses suggested that
> the better fits of the WSLS model to many participants' data were not
> due to an enhanced ability of the WSLS model to mimic the RL strategy
> assumed by the PVL and EV models. These results suggest that WSLS is a
> common strategy in the IGT and that both heuristic-based and RL-based
> models should be used to inform decision-making behavior in the IGT and
> similar choice tasks.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 372-377 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900019
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Automatic activation of attribute knowledge in heuristic inference from memory
>
> Authors:
> Khader, PH; Pachur, T; Jost, K
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):372-377; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> In memory-based decision making, people often rely on simple heuristics
> such as take-the-best (TTB; Gigerenzer & Goldstein, Psychological
> Review, 103, 650-669, 1996), which processes information about the
> alternatives sequentially and stops processing as soon as a decision can
> be made. In this article, we examine the memory processes associated
> with TTB-in particular, to what degree the selective memory retrieval of
> relevant information required by TTB is accompanied by automatic
> activation of associated but irrelevant information. To address this
> question, we studied the fan effect (Anderson, Cognitive Psychology, 6,
> 451-474, 1974), which is assumed to arise from automatic spread of
> activation, in inferences from memory. Participants were instructed to
> use TTB when making decisions about objects on the basis of previously
> memorized attribute information. Both the number of attributes required
> by TTB and the number of attributes associated with an object (i.e., fan
> level) were manipulated. As it turned out, response times and the
> correct execution of TTB were a function not only of the number of
> required attributes, but also of the number of associated attributes.
> This suggests that information that TTB "ignores" is nevertheless
> activated in memory.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 378-384 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900020
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Contributions of beliefs and processing fluency to the effect of relatedness on judgments of learning
>
> Authors:
> Mueller, ML; Tauber, SK; Dunlosky, J
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):378-384; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Discovering how people judge their memories has been a major issue for
> metacognitive research for over 4 decades; many factors have been
> discovered that affect people's judgments, but exactly how those effects
> are mediated is poorly understood. For instance, the effect of word pair
> relatedness on judgments of learning (JOLs) has been repeatedly
> demonstrated, yet the underlying basis of this substantial effect is
> currently unknown. Thus, in three experiments, we assessed the
> contribution of beliefs and processing fluency. In Experiment 1,
> participants studied related and unrelated word pairs and made either
> prestudy JOLs or immediate JOLs. Participants gave higher estimates for
> related than for unrelated pairs, suggesting that participants' beliefs
> at least partially drive the relatedness effect on JOLs. Next, we
> evaluated the contribution of processing fluency to the relatedness
> effect either (1) by disrupting fluency by presenting half the pairs in
> an aLtErNaTiNg format (Experiment 2) or (2) by measuring how fluently
> participants processed pairs at study and statistically estimating the
> degree to which conceptual fluency mediated the effects of relatedness
> on JOLs (Experiment 3). Results from both experiments indicated that
> fluency contributes minimally to the relatedness effect. Taken together,
> these results indicate that people's beliefs about how relatedness
> influences memory are responsible for mediating the relationship between
> relatedness and JOLs. In general, empirically establishing what mediates
> the effects of other factors on people's judgments remains a major
> agenda for advancing theory of metacognitive monitoring.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 385-390 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900021
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Guilt by association and honor by association: The role of acquired equivalence
>
> Authors:
> Molet, M; Stagner, JP; Miller, HC; Kosinski, T; Zentall, TR
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):385-390; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Guilt by association and honor by association are two types of judgments
> that suggest that a negative or positive quality of a person or object
> can transfer to another person or object, merely by co-occurrence. Most
> examples have been demonstrated under conditions of direct associations.
> Here, we provide experimental evidence of guilt by association and honor
> by association via indirect associations. We show that participants may
> treat two individuals alike if they have been separately paired with a
> common event using an acquired-equivalence paradigm. Our findings
> suggest that association fallacies can be examined using a paradigm
> originally developed for research with nonhuman animals and based on a
> representation mediation account.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 391-399 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316006900022
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Examining mental simulations of uncertain events
>
> Authors:
> Ferguson, HJ; Tresh, M; Leblond, J
>
> Source:
> *PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW*, 20 (2):391-399; APR 2013
>
> Abstract:
> A great deal of research into the experiential nature of language has
> demonstrated that our understanding of events is facilitated through
> mental simulations of the described linguistic input. However, to date
> little is understood about how contextual uncertainty about the
> described event might influence the content and strength of these mental
> representations or the cognitive effort involved. In this article, we
> report a single experiment in which participants read sentences such as
> "The old lady [knows/thinks] that the picnic basket is open." Following
> a delay of 250 or 1,500 ms, they responded to pictures that varied in
> the physical form of the target object (matching vs. mismatching).
> Results revealed an expected facilitation effect for matching images,
> but more important, they also showed interference effects (longer
> reaction times) at the shorter interstimulus interval (ISI; 250 ms)
> following the uncertain verb thinks, as compared with the certain verb
> knows. At the longer ISI, this effect was no longer present. This
> suggests that at the short ISI, uncertain conditions required extra time
> to construct and map a simulation of events onto the available image.
> Results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms involved in
> representing possible events and with reference to related literature on
> perspective taking.
>
>