Journal Alert - INTELLIGENCE

> Title:
> Faster on easy items, more accurate on difficult ones: Cognitive ability and performance on a task of varying difficulty
>
> Authors:
> Dodonova, YA; Dodonov, YS
>
> Source:
> *INTELLIGENCE*, 41 (1):1-10; JAN-FEB 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Using more complex items than those commonly employed within the
> information-processing approach, but still easier than those used in
> intelligence tests, this study analyzed how the association between
> processing speed and accuracy level changes as the difficulty of the
> items increases. The study involved measuring cognitive ability using
> Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and examining changes in the
> accuracy-ability and speed-ability correlations due to the increasing
> difficulty of the items. As expected, high-ability individuals
> demonstrated a higher accuracy rate and faster performance than
> low-ability individuals. The accuracy-ability association became
> stronger as the item difficulty increased. The speed-ability
> correlations tended to decrease in absolute values as the item
> difficulty increased, although this trend, when formally examined, was
> non-significant.
> For a more precise analysis, the entire variance of each response time
> and accuracy was decomposed into the components that described constancy
> in performance over difficulty levels and the rate of change in
> performance caused by increasing task difficulty. Estimating these
> components for both response latencies and accuracy scores within the
> same latent growth model demonstrated that the speed-accuracy
> correlation was evident only for baseline performance; the rate of
> slowing with increasing task difficulty was not correlated with the
> respective rate of change in accuracy level. High-ability participants
> differed from low-ability participants in the speed (not accuracy) of
> baseline performance and in the rate of difficulty-related change in
> accuracy (not in processing speed). (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights
> reserved.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 11-18 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316512700002
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>
> Title:
> Sex differences on g and non-g intellectual performance reveal potential sources of STEM discrepancies
>
> Authors:
> Lemos, GC; Abad, FJ; Almeida, LS; Colom, R
>
> Source:
> *INTELLIGENCE*, 41 (1):11-18; JAN-FEB 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The analysis of sex differences in cognitive abilities is largely
> confusing because these differences are masked by the pervasive
> influence of the general factor of intelligence (g). In this study a
> battery of five reasoning tests (abstract [AR], numerical [NR], verbal
> [VR], mechanical [MR], and spatial [SR]) was completed by a sample of
> 3233 young and old adolescents representative of the population. Using a
> latent variable approach, mean differences on the general factor were
> estimated after examining measurement invariance. Results show that the
> difference, favoring boys in latent g increases with age from two to
> four IQ points. Further, boys outperform girls in all the subtests and
> the observed differences were generally explained by g. However,
> mechanical reasoning is a systematic and strong exception to this
> finding. For the young adolescents, the observed difference in MR is
> equivalent to 10 IQ points, and this difference increases to 13 IQ
> points for the old adolescents. Only 1 (young) or 2 (old) IQ points of
> the sex difference in MR can be accounted for by g. The findings suggest
> that the persistent - and usually neglected average large advantage of
> boys in mechanical reasoning (MR) - orthogonal to g - might be behind
> their higher presence in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and
> math) disciplines. A new look at this relevant social issue is proposed
> in this study. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 19-24 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316512700003
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>
> Title:
> Secular trends in cognitive test performance: Swedish conscript data 1970-1993
>
> Authors:
> Ronnlund, M; Carlstedt, B; Blomstedt, Y; Nilsson, LG; Weinehall, L
>
> Source:
> *INTELLIGENCE*, 41 (1):19-24; JAN-FEB 2013
>
> Abstract:
> We investigated time-related patterns in levels of cognitive performance
> during the period from 1970 to 1993 based on data from Swedish draft
> boards. The conscripts, including more than a million 18-19-year old
> men, had taken one of two versions of the Swedish enlistment battery
> (SEB67; 1970-1979 or SEB80; 1980-1993), each composed of four subtests.
> The results revealed significant Flynn effects, with estimated gains of
> 1.2-1.5 IQ-units per decade. The effect seem to hold across ability
> levels, even though tendencies of more pronounced effects in the lower
> half of the ability distribution was observed. The largest gains were
> for visuospatial tests (Paper Form Board and Metal Folding), with little
> change, even slight losses during the second sub-period, for tests of
> verbal knowledge (Concept Discrimination and Synonyms) and a mixed
> pattern for a test of technical comprehension (losses followed by
> gains). Finally, comparisons of trends in cognitive performance and in
> standing height show that the gains in cognitive performance over the
> years from 1980 to 1993 occurred in the absence of overall gains in
> height which speaks against nutrition as the cause of the Flynn effects.
> (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 25-33 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316512700004
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>
> Title:
> Problems in deriving Italian regional differences in intelligence from 2009 PISA data
>
> Authors:
> Cornoldi, C; Giofre, D; Martini, A
>
> Source:
> *INTELLIGENCE*, 41 (1):25-33; JAN-FEB 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Recent results of international assessment programs (e.g., PISA) have
> shown a large difference in high school students' performance between
> northern and southern Italy. On this basis, it has been argued that the
> discrepancy reflects differences in average intelligence of the
> inhabitants of regions and is associated with genetic factors (Lynn,
> 2010a, 2012). This paper provides evidence in contrast to this
> conclusion by arguing that the use of PISA data to make inferences about
> regional differences in intelligence is questionable, and in any case,
> both PISA and other recent surveys on achievement of North and South
> Italy students offer some results that do not support Lynn's
> conclusions. In particular, a 2006-2009 PISA data comparison shows a
> relevant decrease in the North-South difference in only three years,
> particularly evident in the case of a single region (Apulia). Other
> large surveys (including INVALSI-2011) offer different results; age
> differences suggest that schooling could have an important role. (C)
> 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 34-50 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316512700005
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>
> Title:
> Cycles in speed-working memory-G relations: Towards a developmental-differential theory of the mind
>
> Authors:
> Demetriou, A; Spanoudis, G; Shayer, M; Mouyi, A; Kazi, S; Platsidou, M
>
> Source:
> *INTELLIGENCE*, 41 (1):34-50; JAN-FEB 2013
>
> Abstract:
> This article presents three studies, two of them longitudinal, which
> investigated the relations between age, processing speed, working memory
> (WM), and fluid intelligence (g(f)) from 4 to 16 years of age.
> Structural equation modeling showed that speed was a powerful covariate
> of age (similar to-.6 to -.7) from 4 to 13 years, declining thereafter
> (to similar to-.2). WM was stably related to speed through the whole
> age-span studied (similar to-.4 to -.5). A large part (59%) of
> age-related changes in gf (83%) from 4 to 7 years and a lower but
> significant part later on, especially in adolescence (similar to 10-20%
> out of similar to 40-50%), were mediated by WM. However, with speed and
> age controlled, WM was almost fully commensurate with g(f)(similar
> to-.9), from about the age of 8-9 years onwards. A series of models
> suggested an ever present efficiency level defined by speed and control
> and a representational level defined by WM and g(f), which are
> increasingly differentiated with development. All processes develop in
> cycles concerted by a dynamic G. Change in each process over time
> originated from within the processes themselves and G, in proportions
> varying with developmental phase. Overall, speed signified
> age-associated changes in processing capabilities, partly expressed in
> WM expansions and g(f) reconstructions. An overarching model is proposed
> integrating differential with developmental theories of human
> intelligence. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 51-58 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316512700006
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>
> Title:
> The sources of the relationship between sustained attention and reasoning
>
> Authors:
> Ren, XZ; Schweizer, K; Xu, F
>
> Source:
> *INTELLIGENCE*, 41 (1):51-58; JAN-FEB 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Although a substantial relationship of sustained attention and reasoning
> was consistently found, little is known about what drives this
> relationship. The present study aims at revealing the underlying sources
> that are responsible for the relationship by means of an integrative
> approach combining experimental manipulation and psychometric modeling.
> A sample of 4551 participants falling into three age groups (aged 12,
> 13, and 14 years) completed a sustained attention test and three
> reasoning subtests. The attention test comprised four treatment levels
> designed by manipulating the number of distracters. Confirmatory factor
> models were applied to decompose the variance of the attention data into
> three components: executive control due to stimulus manipulation,
> automatic learning as the result of extended practice, and a general
> component independent of any changes. The results showed that in all age
> groups the component of execution control showed the strongest link with
> reasoning although the learning component also significantly related
> with reasoning. In contrast, a non-significant link was observed between
> the general component and reasoning. These results indicated that the
> sources of the relationship between sustained attention and reasoning
> are mainly due to executive control of attention, and additionally to a
> learning process. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 59-66 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316512700007
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>
> Title:
> Average county-level IQ predicts county-level disadvantage and several county-level mortality risk rates
>
> Authors:
> Barnes, JC; Beaver, KM; Boutwell, BB
>
> Source:
> *INTELLIGENCE*, 41 (1):59-66; JAN-FEB 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Research utilizing individual-level data has reported a link between
> intelligence (IQ) scores and health problems, including early mortality
> risk. A growing body of evidence has found similar associations at
> higher levels of aggregation such as the state- and national-level. At
> the same time, individual-level research has suggested the IQ-mortality
> risk association may be mediated by socioeconomic status, but no
> aggregate research has considered this possibility. This paper extended
> the current knowledge base in two important ways: 1) by analyzing the
> association between county-level IQ and county-level mortality risk; and
> 2) by testing a theoretical model where county IQ influences county
> disadvantage which, in turn, influences county mortality risk. The
> findings indicated a consistent relationship between county IQ and
> several measures of county mortality risk. The IQ-mortality risk
> association was mediated by county disadvantage for some county
> mortality risk measures but not others, suggesting the relationship
> between county IQ and county mortality risk is more nuanced than was
> hypothesized. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 67-69 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316512700008
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>
> Title:
> Dysgenic fertility, intelligence and family size in Libya
>
> Authors:
> Al-Shahomee, AA; Lynn, R; Abdalla, SEG
>
> Source:
> *INTELLIGENCE*, 41 (1):67-69; JAN-FEB 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) was administered to a sample of
> 592 16 year old school students in Libya. There was a small negative
> correlation of -0.14 between SPM scores and the number of siblings,
> indicating only marginal dysgenic fertility. Supplementary material
> giving the data is given online. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights
> reserved.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 70-84 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316512700009
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>
> Title:
> Cognitive sex differences in reasoning tasks: Evidence from Brazilian samples of educational settings
>
> Authors:
> Flores-Mendoza, C; Widaman, KF; Rindermann, H; Primi, R; Mansur-Alves,
> M; Pena, CC
>
> Source:
> *INTELLIGENCE*, 41 (1):70-84; JAN-FEB 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Sex differences on the Attention Test (AC), the Raven's Standard
> Progressive Matrices (SPM), and the Brazilian Cognitive Battery (BPR5),
> were investigated using four large samples (total N = 6780), residing in
> the states of Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo. The majority of samples used,
> which were obtained from educational settings, could be considered a
> nonprobability sampling. Females outperformed males on the AC (by 2 IQ
> points), whereas males slightly outperformed females on the SPM (by 1.5
> IQ points). On the BPR5, sex differences favoring males were
> statistically significant (on average 6.2 IQ points). The largest
> difference was in Mechanical Reasoning (13 IQ points), and the smallest
> was in Spatial Reasoning (5 IQ points). In addition, two methods were
> adopted for determining whether sex differences existed at the level of
> general intelligence. First, a g factor score was estimated after
> principal axis factoring of test scores. Men had an advantage of 3.8 IQ
> points (statistically significant) on the g score, which was reduced to
> 2.7 IQ points (not significant), when the g score was estimated without
> including Mechanical Reasoning. Second, a confirmatory factor analysis
> approach was conducted that allowed testing of mean differences at the
> latent variable level. Again, sex differences favoring males were found
> (0.23 or 3.44 IQ points). Regarding educational and SES variables, some
> sex differences favoring males were found in the SPM and in the BPR5. In
> general, our results agree with studies that identify small, but
> consistent cognitive sex differences in reasoning tasks. Societal
> implications are discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 85-86 (Book Review)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316512700010
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>
> Title:
> Review of: Intelligence. A unifying construct for the social sciences
>
> Authors:
> Gale, CR
>
> Source:
> *INTELLIGENCE*, 41 (1):85-86; JAN-FEB 2013
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 87-87 (Book Review)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316512700011
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>
> Title:
> Good Blood, Bad Blood: Science, Nature, and the Myth of the Kallikaks
>
> Authors:
> Johnson, W
>
> Source:
> *INTELLIGENCE*, 41 (1):87-87; JAN-FEB 2013
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 88-89 (Biographical-Item)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000316512700012
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>
> Title:
> John Philippe Rushton, 1943-2012 Obituary
>
> Authors:
> Lynn, R
>
> Source:
> *INTELLIGENCE*, 41 (1):88-89; JAN-FEB 2013
>
> ========================================================================
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